Biologiya

Sabzi (bekhi, zardak, gaz)-ro dar hama jo meparvarand. Vatani sabzi sohilhoi bahri Miyonazamin meboshad. Sabziro 4 hazor sol pesh az in parvarish va istemol mekardand. Dar mamlakati mo az asrhoi HI kishtukor mekardand. Sabzii navi khuroki serobu sershira meboshad. Agar ba on ravgani rastani hamroh kunem on vaqt vitamini A …

Piyoz. CHand namudi on – bekhpiyoz, batun – piyoz, gandano, shnitt –piyoz, shalot – piyoz va gayra mavjud ast. Malumtarinash bekhpiyoz meboshad, ki bekh va barg dorad. Piyoz 4 hazor sol pesh az milod malum bud. Dar tarkibi bekhiyoz safeda, kletchatka, namakhoi minerali hast. Bekhpiyozro ba navhoi tund nimtund va …

Pomidor sabzavoti mamulest, ki taqriban dar hama jo meparvarand. Pomidor rastanii janubi buda, vatanash Amerikai Janubi meboshad. Daryonnavardone, ki pomidorro ba Avrupo ovardand namedonistand, ki on sabzavot meboshad. Pomidorro dar mamlakati mo az asri HVIII kishtukor mekardagi shudand. Pomidor dar tarkibash natriy, kaliy, kalsiy, magniy, ohan, mis, fosfor, sulfur, vitaminhoi …

Kartoshka qarib dar hama jo parvarish karda meshavad. Vobasta ba nav kartoshkaho gunogunshakl (mudavvar, darozruya) va gunogunrang (safed, zard gulobi) meshavand. Kartoshka to 17,5% ohar, inchunin qand, namakhoi minerali va safeda dorad. Qimati gizoii safedahoi on nisbati safedahoi gusht kamtar boshad ham, purbahotarin safedai rastani ba shumor meravad. Kartoshka hamchun …

Karam sabzavoti seristemol ast va dar nohiyahoi iqlimashon garm du bor hosil medihad. Binobar hamin karam tamomi sol dastras ast. Karamro dar hazorsolai seyumi pesh az melod kishtukor karda, istehsol mekardand. Onro hamchun sirpiyoz ajdodoni qadimi mo ba sifati sabzavoti shifobakhsh istifoda meburdand. Karamro baroi tabobati jarohathoi maddanok va puchakho …

Az guftahoi bolo ba khulosa omadan mumkin ast, ki tamomi ravandhoi faoliyati hayoti dar hujayra meguzarad. Hujayra asosi sokhtori rastani va hayvonotro tashkil mekunad. Baroi prokariotho, soddatarinho, zanburughoi darajai past va baze obsabzho mafhumi hujayra va organizm mazmunan muvofiqand. Guftan mumkin ast, ki hujayra sistemai elementarii biologi buda, qobiliyati barqarorshavi, …

Dar organizmhoi serhujayra hujayraho makhsus gashtaand, yane har yaki onho sokht va vazifai khudro dorad. Davomnokii hayoti hujayraho vobasta ba ijroi vazifai khud muayyan megardad. Masalan, hujayrahoi asab va mushak badi ba okhir rasidani davrai inkishofi janin digar taqsim nameshavand. Dar davomi tamomi hayoti organizm vazifai khudro ijro mekunand. Hujayrahoi …

Dar hujayrai rastaniho yadro va hamai organoidhoe, ki baroi hujayrai hayvonot khosand, dida meshavand, masalan, turi endoplazmavi, ribosomaho, mitokhondriya, majmai Golji. Dar barobari in, hujayrai rastani khususiyati khudro dorad (ba rasmi 5.5. nigared) va az hujayrai hayvonot bo chunin alomatho farq mekunad: 1 – qabati gafsi pardai hujayra; 2 – …

Lizosomaho hissachahoi nisbatan khurdi membranador buda, shakli lunda dorand; diametrashon taqriban 0,4 mkm buda, bo yak membranai seqabata pushida shudaast. Dar lizosomaho qarib 30 fermenti gunogun mavjud ast. Onho qobiliyat dorand safedaho kislotahoi nukleinat, polisakharidho, lipidho va digar moddahoro tajziya kunand. Bo yorii fermentho tajziya shudani moddahoro lizis menomand (az …

YAdro qismi tarkibii hujayra buda, dar on KDN, yane genho joy dorand. YAdro du vazifai muhimro ijro mekunad: 1- nigohdoranda va takrorkunandai akhboroti irsi; 2 – tanzimkunandai ravandhoi mubodilai moddahoe, ki dar hujayra meguzarand. Hujayra be yadro duru daroz zindagi karda nametavonad. Hamchunin, yadro niz ozodona qobiliyati zist nadorad, baroi …