Biologiya

Ontogenez inkishofi fardii organizmho, yane takrori filogenez dar shakli kutohu zud va yo inkishofi tarikhii namud ast, ki in fard ba on dokhil meshavad. Qonuni biogenetiki Ibtidoi organizmi navi hayvonot va rastani novobasta az tarzi afzoish az yak yo chand hujayra ogoz meyobad, ki onho faqat doroi hissachahoi irsi buda, …

Aksariyati hayvonoti serhujayra qati nazar az murakkabii sokht, zinai inkishofi janinro az sar meguzaronand. Davrai janini ba se marhila judo meshavad: taqsimshavi (porashavi) gastrulyatsiya va organogenez (inkishofi uzvho). Inkishofi organizm az davrai yakhujayragi ogoz meyobad. Tukhmi bordor – janin – zigota, ki organizm dar on vaqt dar marhilai avvali davrai …

Blastula az miqdori ziyodi blastameraho iborat buda (masalan, dar neshtarshaklho az 3000 hujayra), dar rafti inkishof ba davrai nav meguzarad, ki gastrula (az yunoni gastro – meda) nom dorad. Dar in davra janin az qabathoi judo-shudai hujayragi – bargchahoi janin iborat ast. Qabati beruniro ektoderma (az kalimai yunonii ecto – …

Kabudi – shibit, kashnich, piyozi kabud, rayhon, pudina, jafari va gayra ba miqdori ziyod vitaminu namaki madani, ravgani efir doshta taomro bolazzat mekunad. Onhoro ham taru toza va ham khushkonida istemol mekunad.

In davra umuman ba taqsimshavii mitozi monand buda, tanho farqiyat dar on ast, ki in hujayraho gaploidiand (1p 2s). Dar anafazai II sentromeraho (kashishkhurakho), ki khromatidhoi khohariro payvasta nigoh medorand, dar yak khromosoma taqsim meshavand. Az hamin vaqt khromatidho chun dar mitoz khromosomahoi mustaqili dukhtariro tashkil karda, ba qutbhoi bo …

Dar dunyo 15 namudi kadu meruyad. Asosan 3-4 namudashro mekorand gahvorakadu, palavkadu, oshkadu yo chubkadu va gayra. Az kadu taomhoi laziz mepazand. Kadu to 11% qand, to 20% ohar, 0,2-0,7% modahoi pektini, safeda, namakhoi minerali (makhsusan fosfor, vitamin, az jumla karotin), to 40% ravgani khurdanbob, to 28% safeda dorad. Donai …

Dar gadudhoi jinsi inkishofi hujayrahoi jinsi, ki onhoro gameta menomand, ba amal meoyad. Hujayrahoi narina (nutfa) dar nasldon va modina (hujayratukhm) dar tukhmdon inkishof meyoband. Judojinsi az nigohi evolyutsioni bartari dorad. Judojinsi sokht va raftori volidonro makhsus gardonida, hamchun omili navi evolyutsioni, yane intikhobi jinsi tashakkul meyobad va nisbati naslhoi …

Ba beshtari hayvonoti obi va organizmhoe, ki afzoishashon bevosita ba ob aloqamand ast (mohiho, obkhokiho), bordorshavii beruna khos meboshad. Hayvonot dar davrai afzoish mahsuli jinsiro dar shakli hujayratukhm va nutfa bo ob khorij karda bordorshavi dar on jo ba amal meoyad. Dar organizmhoi khushki uzvhoi jinsii beruna inkishof yoftaast; nutfa …

Dar in davr hujayraho shakl va andozai muayyan megirand. Hujayrahoi jinsii modina dar ravandi rasish bo parda pushida shuda, badi purra khotima yoftani meyoz ba bordorshavi omoda megardand. Dar bisyor mavridho, masalan, dar khazandagon va parrandagon, az hisobi hujayrahoi hujayratukhmro ihota karda, dar atrofi on pardachaho paydo meshavand (rasmi 6.9). …

Dar profazai 1 torhoi khromatin (khromosoma) dar zeri mikroskopi rushnoi namoyonand va shakli spirali dorand. Dar hamin davra, agar binoishi mikroskopro kalon kunem, malum megardad, ki har yak khromosoma du khromatin doshta onho bo ham ba sentromerashon chaspidaand. Hromosomahoi gomologi bo ham nazdik va nuqtahoi bo ham muvofiqi onho jafs …