Biologiya

Vitamin D – (kalsiferol) dar organizm ba moddai gormonmonand mubaddal shuda, dar jarayoni namakhoi kaltsiy va fosfor ishtirok mekunad. Vitamini D khususan ba kudakoni to 3-4 sola behad zarurast. Az norasoii vitamini D dar organizmi kudak rakhit tashakkul meyobad. Vitamin D odatan dar pusti odam az tasiri nurhoi ultrabunafsh hosil …

YAke az namoyandahoi hujayrahoi prokarioti bakteriyaho meboshand. Bakteriyaho dar hama joy – havo, ob, zamin, khurokvori, zeri khok, uqyonus, qullai kuhho, dar qari yakhhoi Arktiki va Antarktika, obhoi zerizaminii garm, qabati boloi atmosfera vomekhurand. Novobasta az sokhti sodda, bakteriyaho qobiliyati balandi mutobiqat dorand. Bakteriyaho yake az shaklhoi soddai hayot buda, …

Ribosomaho shaklan nimdoirai andozaashon 15,0- 35,0 nm buda, az du hissa iboratand (rasmi 5.8). Dar ribosomaho taqriban miqdori safeda va KRN barobar ast. Onho ham dar hujayrai prokariotho va ham dar hujayrai eukariotho mavjudand. KRN ribosomavi (KRN-r) dar yadro az malekulai KDN dar mavzei yadrocha sintez meshavad. Va dar hamin …

Ba hujayrahoi eukarioti organizmhoi darajai tashakkulashon gunogun – az soddatarinho to rastanihoi darajai oli va hayvonot mansuband (rasmi 5.4). Dar rasm namoyandagoni hujayrahoi eukarioti, az jumla, yakhujayragiho (14-amyoba, 15-suvoyki, 16-evglenai sabz), hamchunin organizm-hoi serhujayrai nabototi (1-6) va hayvonot (7-13) aks yoftaand. Albatta, dar tabiat hujayrai hamabob mavjud nest, vale hamai …

Ravande, ki muqobili sintez ast, dissimilyatsiya – majmui reaksiyahoi tajziya meboshad. Hangomi tajziya shudani payvastagihoi kalonmolekula energiya khorij meshavad, ki baroi reaksiyahoi sintezi biologi zarur ast. Binobar in, dissimilyatsiyaro mubodilai energetikii hujayraho yo katabolizm (az yunoni katabole – vayronkuni, ba past partoftan) niz menomand. Energiyai khimiyavii moddahoi gizoi dar bandhoi …

Mubodilai energetikiro odatan ba se marhila judo mekunand. Marhilai yakum – marhilai tayyori meboshad. Dar in marhila molekulahoi di – va polisakharidho, charbho, safedaho ba molekulahoi khurd, glyukoza, glitserin va kislotahoi ravgani, aminokislotaho; malekulahoi kaloni kislotahoinukleinat ba nukleotidho tajziya meshavand. Dar marhilai mazkur energiyai kam khorij shuda, dar namudi garmi …

Avtotrofho organizmhoe meboshand, ki az hisobi payvastagihoi gayriorganiki gizo (energiya) megirand. Ba onho baze bakteriyaho va hamai rastanihoi sabz dokhil meshavand. Vobasta ba kadom manbai energiyaro baroi sintezi payvastagihoi organiki istifoda burdanashon organizmhoi avtotrofiro ba du guruh – fototrofho va khemotrofho judo menamoyand. Baroi fototrofho manbai energiya rushnoi buda, khemotrofho …

Organizmhoe, ki az payvastagihoi gayriorganiki payvastagihoi organikiro sintez karda nametavonand, baroi az muhiti atrof vorid shudani onho ehtiyojmandand. CHunin organizmho geterotrofho nomida meshavand. Ba onho aksariyati bakteriyaho, zanburugho va hamai hayvonot mansuband. Hayvonot dar tabiat hayvonoti digar va rastanihoro khurda, yakjoya bo khurok angishtobho, charbho, safedaho va kislotahoi nukleinati tayyorro …

Ravandhoi biokhimiyavie, ki dar hujayra ba amal meoyand, bevosita ba sokhtori hujayrai zinda vobasta buda, har yaki onho yagon vazifaro ijro mekunand. CHunin sokhtori hujayrahoro organoid menomand va onho hamchun uvzhoi tomi organizm vazifai makhsusro ijro mekunand. Olimon zimni tadqiqothoe, ki bo yorii asbobhoi hozirazamon guzaronidaand, imkon paydo kardand, ki …

Hazrati Burayda (raz) mefarmoyad, ki: «Rasululloh (s) ba sahobai kirom omukht, ki: “Har goh ba qabriston biravand, chunii biguyand: Bismillohi-r-Rahmoni-r-Rahim As-salomu alaykum ahla-d-diyori mina-l-muminina va-l-muslimina va inno inshoallohu la-lohikuna, asalulloha lano va lakumu-l-ofiyah.[1] Tarjuma: Salom bar shumo bod aholii rusto az muminonu musalmonon, biduni shak mo ham ba zudi, iishoalloh, …