Biologiya

Bo nazardoshti nuqtai nazari oid ba paydoishi sistemai sitoraho zikryofta dar borai tarkibi elementhoi atmosferai nakhustin khulosa barovardan mumkin ast. Aqidahoi hozira niz ba ziyod mavjud budani miqdori gidrogen dar kayhon va oftob asos yoftaand. Dar jadvali 2.2. tarkibi elementhoi moddai sitora va oftob ovarda shudaast. Takhmin meravad, ki atmosferai …

Inkishof va tabdilyobii materiyaro be jarayoni energiya tasavvur kardan mumkin nest. Manbahoi energiyaero, ki evolyatsiyai minbadai moddaro dar Zamin tamin mekunand, dida mebaroem. Roli manbahoi energiyaro baho dodan dush- vor meboshad. Moro zarur ast, ki bemuvozinatii sharoit, khunukshavii mahsuli reaksiya va darajai muhofizati onhoro az manbai energiya dida baroem. Ehtimol, …

Fahmidani sharoite, ki «nishonahoi avvalini hayot» chi guna paydo shudaand, baroi ilm ahamiyati kalon dorad. Dar in bobat khizmati olimi rus akademik A.I.Oparin buzurg ast, zero u hanuz soli 1924 bori avval farziyai evolyutsiyai khimiyaviro peshnihod karda bud. Muvofiqi in farziya bo rohi tajriba dar laboratoriya sharoiti hamonvaqtai Zamin, yane …

Malum ast, ki nishonahoi asosi yo khosiyathoi hayot muayyan naboshand, masalai paydoishi hayotro hal kardan mumkin nest. Agar mo dar borai tarkib, sokht va ravandhoe, ki dar organizmi zinda meguzarand, malumoti kofi doshta boshem, pas bechunu charo oidi on davrae, ki hayot metavonist paydo shavad va omilhoe, ki ba paydoishi …

Nazariyai abadi budani hayot ba manoi hoziraash barobari tadqiqothoi L.Paster ba vujud omada, dar nazari avval davomi mantiqii onho meboshad. YAke az nazariyahoi avvalini abadi budani hayotro soli 1865 olimi nemis G.Rikhter peshnihod kard. In nazariya dar ilm bo nomi panspermiya malum ast. Muvofiqi nazariyai Rikhter hayot dar rui Zamin …

Baroi nazariyai abadi budani hayot masalai paydoishi hayot vujud nadorad, zero nazariyai mazkur tafovvuti zindaro az gayrizinda etirof namesozad. In nazariya zindayu gayrizindaro az majmui yagona iborat donista, masalai paydoishi yake az digarero namepazirad. Agar mavjud budani farqiyati makhsusro dar bayni zinda va gayrizinda ba nazar girem, pas khud az …

Saviyai donish dar dunyoi qadim chandon baland nabud, aksar malumotho khususiyati afsonavi doshtand, makhsusan, dar bobati afzoish. Masalan, faylasufi yunoni Empedokl (asri V to melod) aqida dosht, ki darakhtho qobiliyati tukhmguzori dorand. Nafahmidani usuli afzoishi bisyor rastaniyu hayvonot ehtimol sababi on shuda bud, ki on odamon bovar doshtand, az boqimondai …

Jismi organizmhoi zinda yak nav sistemai «kushoda» buda, ba on energiya dokhil meshavad. Mafhumi «kushoda» az fizika girifta shudaast. Zeri mafhumi «kushoda» sistemai dar holati faoliyat qarordoshta fahmida meshavad. CHunin sistema to vaqte poydor ast, ki ba on az muhiti beruna beist energiya vorid shavad. Hamin tavr, organizmhoi zinda to …

 Har organizm ba muhiti beruna robitai nogusastani dorad: az on gizo megirad, ba tasiri omilhoi musoidu nomusoidi muhit va digar organizmho duchor meshavad. Dar rafti evolyutsiya dar organizmhoi zinda qobiliyati ba hama guna tasiroti muhiti beruna intikhoban javob gardondan paydo meshavad. In khususiyatro angezish menomand. Hamai tagyirothoe, ki organizmro ihota …

Tagyirpaziri baraksi irsiyat meboshad, vale bo on robitai zich dorad. Zero zarrachahoi irsi genho inkishofi in yo on alomatro muayyan mekunand. Agar tajdidi qolab (matritsa) – molekulai KDN hamesha daqiq surat megirift, pas hini afzoishi organizmho faqat alomathoi peshtara az nasl ba nasl meguzashtand va mutobiqati namudho ba tagyiroti sharoiti …