Biologiya

Angishtobho yo sakharidho moddahoi organiki buda, bo formulai umumii Sp(N2O)m ifoda karda meshavand. Dar aksari angishtobho adadi molekulahoi ob ba miqdori atomhoi karbon muvofiq meboshad. Az hamin sabab in moddahoro karbogidrat yo angishtob nomidaand. Dar hujayrai hayvonot to 5% angishtob mavjud ast. Hujayrai rastaniho angishtobi beshtar dorand, miqdori onho to …

Dar bayni moddahoi organikii hujayra safedaho miqdoran va az rui ahamiyat joi avvalro ishgol menamoyand. Dar hayvonot taqriban 50%-i massai khushki hujayraho ba safedaho rost meoyad. Dar organizmi odam 5 mln. tipi molekulahoi safedagi vomekhurand, ki na faqat bayni hamdigar, inchunin az safedahoi digar organizmho niz farq mekunand. Bo vujudi …

Payvastagihoi organiki ba hisobi miyona 20-30%-i massai hujayrahoi organizmi zindaro tashkil medihand. Ba onho polimerhoi biologi–safedaho, kislotahoi nukleinat va angishtobho, inchunin charbho va baze molekulahoi khurdgormonho, pigmentho, ATF va gayra mansub meboshand. Dar namudhoi gunoguni hujayraho miqdori payvastagihoi organiki yak khel nest. Dar hujayrahoi rastani angishtobhoi murakkab-polisakharidho bartari dorand; dar …

Hosiyati safedaho. Safedaho monandi digar moddahoi gayriorganiki va organiki yak qator khosiyathoi fizikiyu khimiyavi zohir menamoyand, ki az tashkilyobii strukturai onho barmeoyad. Pesh az hama, safedaho asosan molekulahoi dar ob halshavandaand, binobar in faoliyati khudro tanho dar mahlulhoi obi zohir karda metavonand. Duyum, molekulahoi safe dagi zaryadi kaloni sathi dorand, …

Pas az paydoishi fotosintez va mubodilai aerobii moddahoi nakhustin hodisai muhimi evolyutsiyai biologi – paydoishi eukariot va organizmhoi serhujayra ba shumor meravand. Dar natijai hamzistii mufid – simbiozi hujayrahoi prokariotii gunogun, organizmhoi hastador yo eukarioti paydo shudand (rasmi 2.9). Zaminai asosi baroi simbioz, ehtimol, hujayrahoi amyobashakli geterotrofi budand. Gizoi onho …

Ob. Payvastagii gayriorganikii pahnshuda dar organizmi zinda–ob meboshad. Mavjudiyati on dar organizm ba haddi vase merasad. Dar hujayrahoi siri dandon taqriban 10%, vale dar hujayrahoi inkishofyobandai janin-beshtar az 90% ob mavjud ast. Ba hisobi miyona dar organizmi serhujayra ob taqriban 80%-i massai badanro tashkil medihad. Ahamiyati ob dar hujayra nihoyat …

Ba tarkibi hujayra taqriban 70 elementi khimiyavii Sistemai davrii elementhoi D.I.Mendeleev dokhil meshavand, ki onho dar tabiati gayrizinda niz duchor meoyand. In yake az dalelhoi yagonagii tabiati zinda va gayrizinda ast. Lekin tanosubi elementhoi khimiyavi va ahamiyati onho dar ofaridani moddahoi tashkilkunandai organizmi zinda, hamchunin, dar har kadom obekti tabiati …

Barobari paydo shudani dastgohi oddii genetiki hujay rahoi soddae, ki chunin dastgohro doshtand, qobiliyati sintez kardani polipeptidhoi makhsusro paydo namudaand. Mavjudoti az onho paydogashta oilahoi hujayrahoi soddaro ba vujud ovardand, ki bo ham qarobat va khosiyati irsi doshtaand va zeri tasiri intikhobi tabii memondand. On hujayrahoi soddae, ki mavodi irsi …

Agar farziyahoi tasvirshudaro tahlil kunem, ba khulosa omadan mumkin ast, ki inkishofi in guna sistemahoi bo ham tasirrasoni «avtomathoi» organiki tabiati tobiologi doshta, bo rohi gunogun raftaast va muddati khele ziyod davom kardaast. Vale samthoi muhimi evolyutsiyae, ki ba paydoishi sistemai biologi ovarda rasonid, yakchandtoyand: evolyutsiyai protobiontho, paydoishi katalizatorhoi faoli …

Muallifi in nazariya biokhimiki mashhuri rus, akademik A.I.Oparin meboshad. Badtar, novobasta az A.I.Oparin olimi anglis J.Holdeyn niz ba chunin khulosa omad. Oparin aqida dosht, ki guzarish az evolyutsiyai khimiyavi ba biologi hatman paydoishi sistemahoi moddahoi judogonai individualiro taqozo mekunad. Onho, ehtimol, qobiliyati onro doshtand, ki bo muhiti beruna yakjoya amal …