Biologiya

Inson az davrahoi qadim ba monandi va farqiyati volidonu naslho maroq zohir namuda, kushish mekard, ki asosi in muammoro dark namoyad. Az chi sabab baze alomatho dar hamai naslho zohir meshavand, ammo digar guruhi alomatho va khosiyatho boshand, goh dar naslho paydo shuda, goho zohir nameshavand. Aknun malum gardid, ki …

CHunone ki malum ast, bisyor botanikho dar natijai duraga kardani volidoni gunogun, ki bo alomathoi khud farq doshtand, kushish ba kharj dodaand, ki mekhanizmi ba meros guzoshtani onhoro kushoyand. Ba in maqsadi oli avvalin shuda olimi CHekh G.Mendel noil gardid. Mendel baroi tajriba navhoi gunoguni rastanii nakhudro intikhob mekard. CHunki …

QONUNHOI MENDEL: Qonunhoi merosguzorii alomathoi irsiro G.Mendel kashf namuda, onhoro dar maqolai «Tajriba dar rastanihoi gibridi» chop menamoyad va onho bo nomi qonunhoi Mendel malumand. Badi az jonibi genetiki gollandi G.De-Friz, botaniki olmoni K.Korrens va genetiki avstriyagi E.CHermak takroran kashf shudani in qonunho, genetika hamchun fan dar borai irsiyat va …

Asosguzori fanni genetika olimi chekh Gregor Mendel meboshad. U soli 1865 qonunhoi merosguzorii alomathoi irsiro kashf namuda bud. Lekin dar davomi 35 sol ahli ilmi onvaqta bo in kashfiyot maroq zohir nakard va yo sarfahm naraft. Faqat soli 1900 in qonunho az sari nav kashf shudand va on soli tavlidi …

Genetika du khususiyati asosii organizmhoi zinda – irsiyat va tagyirpaziriro meomuzad. Irsiyat hamchun khususiyati az nasl ba nasl guzaronidani alomatho, khosiyathoi irsi va asosi inkishofro dar bar megirad. Bo sharofati irsiyat dar tabiat har yak namudi rastani va hayvon khususiyathoi khosi khudro dar muddati muayyani tarikhi nigoh medorad. Jihati digari …

Tamomi organizmhoi serhujayra az hisobi tukhmi bordor yo bordornashuda inkishof meyoband. Inkishofi janin dar hayvonoti mansubi yak tip monand ast. Dar hamai jonvaroni khordador dar davrai janini kamonaki skeleti paydo meshavad, masalan, khorda, naychai asab, javfi galsama. Dar zinahoi avvali inkishofi janini hayvonoti muhrador ba ham bisyor monandand (rasmi 7.10). …

Organizm be muhiti zist vujud doshta nametavonad. Az in jost, ki inkishofi organizm be muhit va biduni omilhoi tasirrasoni on gayrimumkin ast. CHunone ki medonem, tukhmi murg tanho dar harorati muayyan inkishaf meyobad, agar harorati muhit mutadil naboshad, ravandi inkishof qat megardad. Hamchunin baroi mavjudoti obi tarkibi ionii ob muhim …

Az vaqti tavallud shudani organizm yo az parda berun shudan, davrai janini ba okhir rasida, davrai inkishofi badijanini ogoz meyobad. Davrai badijanini purra va nopurra meshavad. Dar davrai inkishofi purrai janin az tukhm yo batni modar organizme paydo meshavad, ki hamai uzv va khosiyathoi fardi boligro dorad (masalan, dar hazandagon, …

Badi ba okhir rasidani gastrulyatsiya dar janin uzvhoi markazi ba monandi, naychai asab, khorda, naycharuda paydo meshavand. Dar neshtarshaklho uzvhoi markazi ba chunin roh tashakkul meyoband (rasmi 7.4). Ektodermai tarafi takhtapusht kham gashta, ba novacha tabdil meyobad. Ektodermai jonibhoi chap va rost boshad, meafzoyad va boloi novacharo mepushonad. Novacha ibtidoi …

Ba in savol bori nakhust olimi barjastai olmoni, asosguzori embriologiyai tajribavi G.SHpeman maroq zohir namudaast. Solhoi 20-30-umi asri HH SHpeman chunin tajriba guzaronid. Az janini qurboqqa dar davrai avvali gastruli manshai khorda va hamrohi on manshai mezodermaro burida ba zeri ektodermai janini digar, ki az vay boyad pust paydo meshud, …