Biologiya

Tamomi uzvhoi rastani az hujayraho iboratand. Pas, rastani sokhti hujayravi dorad va har kadom hujayra juzi nihoyat khurdi tarkibii rastani meboshad. Onho vazifahoi gunoguni fiziologiro ijro menamoyand. Az in ru, hujayraho jihati vazifahoi ijro mekardagiashon va az rui shaklu sokhtashon, andozaashon, metavonand az yakdigar farq kunand Az jihati sokhtu shakl …

Ba hujayra dokhilshavii moddaho: Agar bargchai rastanii obi – chilbandi obi (elodeya)-ro, ki beshtar dar akvariumho (zarfi shishagii makhsus sokhtashuda) parvarish mekunand, dar zeri mikroskop az nazar guzaronem, harakati sitoplazmaro dar hujayrahoi bargi on mushohida karda metavonem. Ba mudom amalkunandagii in harakat nigoh nakarda, mushohidai on dushvor ast. Zero, sitoplazmai har …

Az ogozi bahori nekufarjom to okhiri tiramoh mo dar muhiti girdu atrofamon rastanihoi guldorro mushohida mekunem. Boychechak, guli navruzi, qoku, siyohgush hamchun kosid va navidi bahoron khelo barvakt gul mekunand. Sipas, bunafshai bogi, guli lola, savsan ba tabiat husnu tarovati farahbakhsh zam mekunand. Bo tavajjuhi khosa yagon rastanii guldor (vazirak, …

Arastu dar in solho nazariyai zina ba zina inkishof yoftani olami zindaro gufta guzasht va yak qator aqidahoi tabiiyu ilmiro peshnihod namud. Arastu ba chunin khulosa omad, ki olami zinda az tabiati gayri zinda bo tasiri quvvai ilohi – entelikhiya (az yunoni – tasir) paydo shudaast. Avvalin bor mikroskop ikhtiro …

Genho asosi strukturi va funksionalii hissai irsiyatro tashkil mekunand. Az misolhoi dar bolo zikrshuda malum gardid, ki genho hissachai alohida buda, har yak az onho yagon alomatro muayyan mekunad va ba hamdigar vobastagi nadorand. Az in lihoz, chunin fikr ba miyon omadanash mumkin ast, ki guyo genotip majmui mekhaniki (bealoqamandi)-i …

MEROSGUZORII HAMPAYVASTAGII GENHO:  Mendel dar tajriba merosguzorii tanho haft juft alomati nakhudro dida baromad. Badan bisyor tadqiqotchiyon merosguzorii jufti alomathoi gunoguni organizmhoi digarro omukhta, qonunhoi Mendelro tatbiq namudand. In qonunho baroi hamai organizmhoi bo rohi jinsi afzoishkunanda khosand. Badtar malum gardid, ki dar nakhudi khushbuy du alomat, yane shakli gard va …

Masalai inkishof va paydoishi farqiyati jinsi, mekhanizmi muayyan kardani jins, nigoh doshtani tanosubi muayyani jinsi dar guruhhoi organizmi hayvon nafaqat ahamiyati nazariyavii biologi, balki ahamiyati amali niz dorad. Alalkhusus, bo rohi suni tanzim kardani jins baroi kishovarzi manfiat meorad. Jins dar bisyor hayvonot dar ayyomi bordorshavi muayyan meshavad. Dar in …

Qonuni seyumi Mendel – qonuni kombinatsiyai bevositai genho (novobasta ba meros guzashtani jufti genho) Mendel dar asosi omukhtani merosguzorii yak jufti genhoi alleli bisyor qonuniyathoi genetiki, az jumla, dominanti, tagyir nayoftani allelhoi resessivi dar duragaho, tajziyai alomatho dar naslhoi duragaro bo tanosubi 3:1 isbot namud. Hodisai tajziya nishon dod, ki …

Hangomi duragakunii naslhoi gibridii yakum, ki alomati yakkhela dorand, dar nasli duvvum ham alomati modari va ham alomati padari bo yak tanosubi muayyan 3:1 zohir meshavand. YAne 3/4 hissai alomatho dominanti va 1/4 hissai onho resessiviand. In natijai on ast, ki naslhoi yakum geterozigoti (Aa) buda, dar nasli duvvum ham …

Dar natijai tajribaho G.Mendel ba khulosa omad, ki omilhoi irsi, yane genho dar gametaho (hujayrahoi jinsi) omekhta nashuda, dar holati toza (betagyir) memonand. Dar naslhoi yakumi gibridi (G1) ki az duragakunii volidon alo- mathoi farqkunanda paydo shudaand, hardu omil, yane dominanti va resessivi joy dorad. Dar shakli alomat omili dominanti …