Gunogun

Tabiatshinosi chiro meomuzonad? Mo hama dar mavridi digargunihoi dar muhiti mo rukhdihanda tavajchukhu maroq zohir mekunem. Baroy on ki dar borai onho bidonem, mo hamesha chunin savolhoro peshkash mekunem: Ki? CHi? Kay?, Dar kujo? CHi tavr va CHaro? Bachagon payvasta chunin savolho medihand: «Ana in chi ast?»> «Ana onash chist»? …

Baroi on ki ba savolhoi marbut ba olami moro ihotakunanda posukh guem, ba mo azoi his: chashm, gush, bini, dastho, zabon va pust kumak merasonand. Bo yorii chashmon mo hayvonot va rastaniro, digar odamonro, gurubi Oftobro, obi kulhoro, daryohoro, parrandagoni ba osmon parvoz kunandaro va bad-in monand chizhoro mebinem. Tavassuti …

Mo hama medonem, ki dar binohoi garm yakh ob meshavad, dar khunuky ob yakh me- bandad, ohanrabo ashyoi ohaninro ba khud mekashad, ohan dar binohoi rutubatnok zang mezanad, dar garmy shir tursh meshavad, tiramoh bargho zard meshavand, ruz ba shab ivaz meshavad, shamol mevazad… In donishho az kujo paydo shudand? …

Mo chunin mafkhumhoero chun tursh, shur, shirin va talkh medonem. Mo zud-zud meguem: «limui bisyor tursh», «sebi shirin», «karamshurboi boma- za». Inro mo chi tavr mefahmem? Biyoed, tajriba meguzaronem. Az sabzi, kartoshka, noki sakht va sebi nachandon pukhta kubikho reza mekunem. Hamaknun, vaqte yak nafar tolibilm biniyashro bo angushtonash pakhsh …

Az hama tupi kalontarin dar shahri Dushanbe voqe dar qismati shimolu garbii mahallai 15-umi shahri Dushanbe, ki on joyro inchunin bo  nomi «Mayakovskiy» meshinosand qaror dorad. In tupi kalontarini futbolii Tojikiston balandii 2 metrro doshta hamchun unsuri sanati memori sokhta shudaast va az solhoi 2017-um injonib dar in joy qaror …

Rushdi iqtisody dar Ispaniya masalai milliro tezu tund kard. To okhirhoi asri XIX rafti tashakkulyobii millati baskho va galisiho asosan anjom yoft. Bo hamin sabab shumorai harakathoi milli dar se viloyati mamlakat – Kataloniya, Baskoniya va Galitsiya afzud. Bo sababi on ki dar Kataloniya va Baskoniya munosibathoi sarmoyadory afzuda, tabaqahoi …

Ispaniya dar nimai duyumi asri XIX misli peshtara davlati kishovarzi bud. Harchand dar asri XIX dar in mamlakat munosibathoi sarmoyadori tashakkul yoftand va 5 marotiba inqilobhoi burjuazi ba amal omadand, lekin dar natijai onho simoi dehoti Ispaniya on qadar tagyir nayoft. Islohoti kullii kishovarzy ba amal barovarda nashud. Taqsimoti zamin …

Vaziyati Ispaniya dar nimai avvali asri XIX. Muborizai milliyu ozodikhohii mustamlikahoi Ispanii Amerikai Lotini vaziyati siyosiro dar Ispaniya tagyir dod. SHoh majbur shud, ki soli 1812 dar mamlakat konstitutsiyaro jory namoyad. Muvofiqi on ba kortesho (parlamenti mamlakat) intikhobot guzaronida shud. Vale khudi shoh Ferlinandi VII jonibdori mutlaqiyati shohy bud. Az …

Mohi dekabri soli 1874 badi tabadduloti harbii davlaty, ki ba inqilobi burjuazy khotima guzosht, chi tavre ki guftem, dar Ispaniya mutlaqiyat az nav barqaror karda shud. Sokhti davlatii Ispaniya az tarafi Konstitutsiyae, ki soli 1876 qabul karda shuda bud, muqarrar karda shud. In konstitutsiya be yagon tagyiroti jiddi to soli …

Dar imperiya ba miyon omadani irtijoi siyosi. CHy tavre ki ba shumo malum ast, inqilobi burjuazii solhoi 1848- 1849 dar imperiyam Avstriya shikast khurd. Az hamin sabab dar on jo irtijoi sakhttarini siyosi hukmron gardid. Hukumati Bakh (1852- 1860) bar ziddi harakati milliyu ozodikhohy berahmona muboriza meburd. Matbuot ba zeri …