Biologiya

Ba in oila taqriban 1700 kheli rastanihoi shaklashon buttagivu darakhti, lianmonand (chubrost), hameshasabz yo khazonrez va baze giyohhoi yaksola va bisyorsola dokhil meshavand. Aksari onho dar mintaqahoi tropiki va subtropikii kurai Zamin mesabzand. Dar Tojikiston az oilai tutho makhsusan navhoi gunoguni tut va anjir vase parvarish karda meshavand. Tana, shokh …

Tugmachagulho, ki bo iborai digar onhoro khayrigulho kham menomand, 1600 khelro darbar megirand. Onho asosan rastanihoi mintaqahoi tropiki va subtropiki buda, mikdori kami khelhoyashon dar mamlakathoi iqlimashon mutadil nashunamo mekunand. Tugmachagulho rastanihoi yaksola, bisyorsola buda, bazan shaklhoi buttagi va darakhtiashon niz vomekhurand. Poya va navdahoi tugmachagulho az berun bo muyakchahoi …

Ba oilai kuknorgulho taqriban 600 kheli rastanikho taalluq dorand. Onho giyohhoi yaksola, bisyorsolai alafi, bazan nimbuttavu butta va darakhtoni na on qadar kalon meboshand. Poyaashon sershokha buda, az berun bo muyakchahoi durusht pushida gardidaand. Joy- girshavii bargashon dar poya navbati buda, pahnaki barg parmo- nandi ba hissaho judoshuda meboshad. Guli …

Dar Olami nabotot shubai rastanihoi pushidatukhm az hama sernamoyandatar buda, taqriban 250 hazor kheli rastanihoro darbar megirad. CHi tavre ki az darshoi guzashta ba shumo malum gardid, shuba dar navbati khud ba sinf, tartib, oila taqsim meshavad. SHubai rastanihoi pushidatukhm (yo guldor) ba du sinf – du- palla va yakpalla …

Olami nabotot dar rui Zamin sarchashmai hayot meboshad. Dar haqiqat, mavjudiyat va faoliyati hayotii inson, hayvonot va mikroorganizmhoro be mavjudiyati on “uqyonusi sabz”, ki rastaniho onro ba vujud ovardaand, tasavvur kardan gayriimkon ast. Nabotot tamomi mavjudoti zindaro bo gazi oksigen tamin mekunad. Ba tufayli ravandi fotosintez rastanihoi sabz atmosferaro bo …

Oilai chinorakho ziyoda az 2000 kheli rastanihoro darbar girifta, onho asosan dar mintaqahoi iqlimashon mutadil va khunuki kurai Zamin vase pahn shudaand. Dar Tojikiston 112 kheli onkho malumand. CHinorakho rastanihoi alafii yak yo bisyorsola buda, bazan dar shakli nimbuttavu butta va rastanihoi lianmonand (chubrost) vomekhurand. Reshaashon tirresha yo dar baze …

SHumo dar bobhoi avvali kitobi darsii sinfi 5-um ba sokht va khususiyathoi makhsusi uzvhoi nashvi va jinsii rastanihoi guldor shinos shuda buded. Rastanihoi pushidatukhm nazar ba on guruhi rastanihoe, ki to alhol shinos shudaed, sokhti murakkabtar doshta, dar onho bori avval gul paydo meshavad. Hamin tavr, paydo shuda- ni gul …

Archa rastanii (darakhti) hameshasabz buda, ba sinfi suzanbargon dokhil meshavad. Helhoi on asosan darakht yo buttashakl buda, bazan khobravanda meshavand. SHaklhoi darakhtii on 10-12 m va hatto to 20-30 m ba bolo qad mekashand. Barghoi aksari rastanihoi javoni archa dar solhoi avvali sabzishashon suzanmonand buda, bad shakli pulakcharo megirand. Dar …

Darakhti archa ba monandi digar rastanihoi suzanbarg asosan tavassuti tukhmash afzoish mekunad. Tukhmi archa dar pulakchahoi chalguzaash ba tavri kushod (yane luch) joygir ast. Az in ru, archa va digar rastanihoi suzanbargro rastanihoi luchtukhm nom mebarand. Archa rastanii dukhonagi, bazan yakkhonagi meboshad. Pulakchahoi khurd (mikrosporofill) dar chalguzai (mardonai) khurdi tukhmshakl …

Taqriban 300 million sol muqaddam dar hama joi sathi Zamin tamomi sol havoi garmu serrutubat hukmron bud. Bar asari boridani boronhoi garmu omadani sel daryoho serob shuda, kulho va botloqzaminho paydo shudand. Tumani tirai bukhori ob aksar vaqt oftobro panah mekard. CHunin sharoit boisi nashunamoi boavji nabototi nazdisohili va botloqi, …