Biologiya

CHilband yo chilbugum giyohi bisyorsola buda, chun sarakhsshaklon rastanihoi khele qadima ba khisob meravand. Onho takriban 32 namudro tashkil doda, dar bisyor mamlakathoi jahon, ba juz Avstraliya va Zelandiyai Nav, meruyand. Dar Tojikiston du namudi on chilbandi sahroi va shokhronda mesabzad. Balandii poyai chilbaclindho az 80 to 100 sm buda, …

Sarakhsho ba guruhi rastanihoi qadimtarin dokhil meshavand. Onho dar rui Zamin vase pahn gardidaand. Dah hazor kheli onho malum ast. Dar sharoithoi gunoguni zist, dar biyobon va botloqzorho, kulho, maydonhoi kishti sholi, obhoi nisbatan shur, dar joyhoi sernamu soyai darakhtoni beshazor sukunat dorand. Sarakhsho dar mintaqahoi kuhsor, dar joyhoi sernamu …

Ushnai torfi yo sfagnum chun digar namudi ushnaho boshandagoni botloqzorho meboshad. On taqriban 300 khelro darbar megirad. Ushnai torfiro bo iborai digar ushnai safed ham meguyand, chunki dar holati khushk budanash rangi zardu safed yo bo purragi safedro dorad. Dar botloqzorhoi sernam sfagnum pushishi qolinmonandi yaklukhtro paydo mekunad. Dar on …

Dar obhoi shirini sustjarayoni juyho, daryoho, havzho mo beshtar ba anbuhi rishtahoi abreshimmonandi sabzi ravshan duchor meshavem, ki onho az tarafi asosashon ba yagon jismhoi sakhti zeriobi (sang, kundahoi darakhton va gayraho) chaspida, tarafi nugiashon dar ob ozod javlon mezanand. In obsabzi bisyorhujayragi ulotriks nom doshta, az silsilai hujayrahoi kutohi …

YAke az namoyandai obsabzhoi tudagi, ki dar obhoi shirini obanborho va kulho vase pahn gardidaast volvoks meboshad. Volvoks kurashakl buda, rangash sabz ast. Har yak tuda andozaash (qutrash) az 0,5 to 1-3 mm buda, az 60-70 hazor hujayra iborat ast. In mikdori hujayraho yak qabatro hosil karda, ba tavri davragi …

Obsabzhoi bur va surkh asosan sokinoni obhoi shuri bahru uqyonusho ba hisob meravand. Onho dar sharoithoi baso musoid tez afzuda, dar zeri ob anbuhi azimi obsabzhoro ba vujud meorand, ki bahrnavardon onro “saddi zinda” menomand. In anbuhi azimi obsabzho surati harakati naqliyoti obiro khalaldor mekunad va ba furudoii gidrosamolyotho mone …

Obsabzho yake az organizmkhoi ibtidoi va qadimtarini sayyoraamon ba hisob meravand. Az in jikhat faqat bakteriyaho, hamchun qadimtarin organizmho, ba onho barobar shuda metavonand. Dar davrahoi guzashtai duri geologi obsabzho dar uqyonusho, bahrho, daryoho, kulho va digar obanborho vase pahn shuda budand. Obsabzho avvalin organizmhoi sabzi fotosintezkunanda meboshand. To ba …

Tasavvuroti umumi dar borai tasnifot (namud, avlod, oila, tartib, sinf, shuba) Olami nabotot bisyor ham gunogunkhel va rangorang ast. Az rui malumothoi olimoni nabototshinss barmeoyad, ki olami rastaniho ziyoda az 350 hazor namud yo khelro darbar megirand. Lekin in haddi okhirin nabuda, nabototshinoson dar natijai justujuhoi ilmii sershumorashon bisyor namudhoi …

SHumo dar sinfhoi 6 az in kitobi darsi talim megired. Tavassuti mundarijai kitob shumo bo nomgui faslu bobhoi alohida shinos gardida, mavzuhoi lozimaro bo osoni daryofta metavoned. Dar okhiri har yak mavzu bo maqsadi sanjishi darajai fahmishu donishi khonandagon savolhoi ba mavzu dakhldor doda shudaand. Pesh az savolho alomati guzoshta …

Nuqtai sabzish. Moddahoi zaruri baroi sabzish Agar hamai uzvhoi rastani mutadil amal kunand, in manoi onro dorad, ki rastani dar vazi khubi rushdu sabzish qaror dorad. Ba tufayli taqsimshavii hujayrahoi boftai hosilkunanda (bavujudovaranda) va sipas sabzishu makhsusiyatpaydokuni hujayrahoi bavujudomadai organizmi rastani az jihati hajmu (andozayu) vazn kalon shuda, barkamol meshavand. …