CHilband yo chilbugum giyohi bisyorsola buda, chun sarakhsshaklon rastanihoi khele qadima ba khisob meravand. Onho takriban 32 namudro tashkil doda, dar bisyor mamlakathoi jahon, ba juz Avstraliya va Zelandiyai Nav, meruyand. Dar Tojikiston du namudi on chilbandi sahroi va shokhronda mesabzad. Balandii poyai chilbaclindho az 80 to 100 sm buda, …

Sarakhsho ba guruhi rastanihoi qadimtarin dokhil meshavand. Onho dar rui Zamin vase pahn gardidaand. Dah hazor kheli onho malum ast. Dar sharoithoi gunoguni zist, dar biyobon va botloqzorho, kulho, maydonhoi kishti sholi, obhoi nisbatan shur, dar joyhoi sernamu soyai darakhtoni beshazor sukunat dorand. Sarakhsho dar mintaqahoi kuhsor, dar joyhoi sernamu …

Ushnai torfi yo sfagnum chun digar namudi ushnaho boshandagoni botloqzorho meboshad. On taqriban 300 khelro darbar megirad. Ushnai torfiro bo iborai digar ushnai safed ham meguyand, chunki dar holati khushk budanash rangi zardu safed yo bo purragi safedro dorad. Dar botloqzorhoi sernam sfagnum pushishi qolinmonandi yaklukhtro paydo mekunad. Dar on …

Bostonshinoson bisyor “asarho”-i sanati odamoni asri sangro paydo namudaand. Qarib sad sol qabl az in asrori gore voqe dar Ispaniyai kununy, ki dar zamonhoi khele qadim odamon zindagi mekardand, bostonshinosoni ispaniro motu mabhut kard. Onho dar devorhoi gor surathoi bo rang kashidashudai har guna hayvonhoro kashf kardand, ki onho amali …

Muborizai odamon bar ziddi darrandagon, mehnati yakjoyai onho baroi zistu zindagoni, furuzon nigoh doshtani gulkhan va paydoishi nutq imkoniyat dodand, ki odamon boz ham muttahidu tifoqtar boshand. Az vaqti paydo shudani “odami boaql” odamon ba gurukhhoi doimii az kheshovandon iboratbuda muttahid meshudand. Az rui nishonahoi kheshutabori chunin guruhi odamonro avlod …

Odamoni ibtidoi muntazam inkishof va tashakkul meyoftand. In ravand khele duru daroz – sadho hazor sol davom kard. Vaqte, ki odamoni ibtidoi. Poday odamop idtidoi rangami shikor. otashro kashf kardand, dar tarzi hayoti onho tagyiroti muhim ba amal omad. Aknun odamon otashro baroi garm kardani manzil va pukhtani gushti hayvonhoi …

SHumo der boz intizori omukhtani fanni tarikh buded. Inak, on ruz ham faro rasid. In fanro aknun az hamin soli tahsil cap karda, to khatmi maktab muntazam meomuzed. SHumo allakay oid ba tarikh donish dored. Onro hangomi tahsil dar maktabi ibtidoi va az khondani kitobhoi gunogun, majallayu ruznomaho, shunidani radio, …

Dar obhoi shirini sustjarayoni juyho, daryoho, havzho mo beshtar ba anbuhi rishtahoi abreshimmonandi sabzi ravshan duchor meshavem, ki onho az tarafi asosashon ba yagon jismhoi sakhti zeriobi (sang, kundahoi darakhton va gayraho) chaspida, tarafi nugiashon dar ob ozod javlon mezanand. In obsabzi bisyorhujayragi ulotriks nom doshta, az silsilai hujayrahoi kutohi …

YAke az namoyandai obsabzhoi tudagi, ki dar obhoi shirini obanborho va kulho vase pahn gardidaast volvoks meboshad. Volvoks kurashakl buda, rangash sabz ast. Har yak tuda andozaash (qutrash) az 0,5 to 1-3 mm buda, az 60-70 hazor hujayra iborat ast. In mikdori hujayraho yak qabatro hosil karda, ba tavri davragi …

Obsabzhoi bur va surkh asosan sokinoni obhoi shuri bahru uqyonusho ba hisob meravand. Onho dar sharoithoi baso musoid tez afzuda, dar zeri ob anbuhi azimi obsabzhoro ba vujud meorand, ki bahrnavardon onro “saddi zinda” menomand. In anbuhi azimi obsabzho surati harakati naqliyoti obiro khalaldor mekunad va ba furudoii gidrosamolyotho mone …