Dar obhoi shirini sustjarayoni juyho, daryoho, havzho mo beshtar ba anbuhi rishtahoi abreshimmonandi sabzi ravshan duchor meshavem, ki onho az tarafi asosashon ba yagon jismhoi sakhti zeriobi (sang, kundahoi darakhton va gayraho) chaspida, tarafi nugiashon dar ob ozod javlon mezanand. In obsabzi bisyorhujayragi ulotriks nom doshta, az silsilai hujayrahoi kutohi …

YAke az namoyandai obsabzhoi tudagi, ki dar obhoi shirini obanborho va kulho vase pahn gardidaast volvoks meboshad. Volvoks kurashakl buda, rangash sabz ast. Har yak tuda andozaash (qutrash) az 0,5 to 1-3 mm buda, az 60-70 hazor hujayra iborat ast. In mikdori hujayraho yak qabatro hosil karda, ba tavri davragi …

Obsabzhoi bur va surkh asosan sokinoni obhoi shuri bahru uqyonusho ba hisob meravand. Onho dar sharoithoi baso musoid tez afzuda, dar zeri ob anbuhi azimi obsabzhoro ba vujud meorand, ki bahrnavardon onro “saddi zinda” menomand. In anbuhi azimi obsabzho surati harakati naqliyoti obiro khalaldor mekunad va ba furudoii gidrosamolyotho mone …

Obsabzho yake az organizmkhoi ibtidoi va qadimtarini sayyoraamon ba hisob meravand. Az in jikhat faqat bakteriyaho, hamchun qadimtarin organizmho, ba onho barobar shuda metavonand. Dar davrahoi guzashtai duri geologi obsabzho dar uqyonusho, bahrho, daryoho, kulho va digar obanborho vase pahn shuda budand. Obsabzho avvalin organizmhoi sabzi fotosintezkunanda meboshand. To ba …

Obsabzho guruhi kaloni rastanihoi darajai pastro tashkil mekunand. CHunki, onho resha, poya va bargi haqiqi nadorand. Onhoro rastanihoi tallomi menomand. Obsabzho organizmhoi yakhujayragi, bisyorhujayragi va tudazindagikunandaro darbar megirand. Aksariyati onho dar muhiti ob sukunat doshta, beshtar dar obhoi shuri bahru uqyonusho, obhoi shirini daryoho, obanborho, havzho va hatto dar khokhoi …

ODAMONI IBTIDOI. Bostonshinoson bisyor nishonahoi odamoni qadimtarinro dar Afriqo, Osiyo, Avrupo va Amerika paydo namuda, az rui ustukhonporahoyashon shaklu andomi onhoro muayyan kardaand. Dar natijai in malum gardid, ki odamoni ibtidoi az odamoni imruza farqi kalon doshta, ba maymunhoi kalonjussa monand budand. Peshonaapyun tangu khamida, maynaashon az maynai maymun kalontar, …