CHi tavre ki malum ast, az gandum va digar ziroathoi galladonagi ord istehsol mekunand. Ord endospermi maydashuda yo tal- qonshudai don meboshad. Vay az moddahoi gupoguni gnzoi iborat ast. Baroi muayyan kardani tarkibi tukhm kame ordi gandumro girifta, az on khamir tayyor mekunem. Sipas, khamirro ba doka pechonda dar yagon …

Olimon sokhti hujayraro bo yorii mikroskop omukhta, mushohida kardand, ki hujayrai aksari uzvhoi rastani qobiliyati sabzida ba kamol rasidan va taqsim shuda afzoish kardanro dorad. Dar natija hujayrahoi nav ba vujud meoyand. Taqsimshavii hujayra odatan khele murakkab meguzarad. Saravval, yadroi hujayra kalon shuda, dar on khromosomaho, ki jismchahoi oda- tan …

SHinosoi bo asbobhoi kalonnishondihanda Rastaniho organizmhoi zindaand. Baroi durust donistanu dark kardani ravandho yo hodisahoi baroi hayotguzaronii rastaniho hatman zarur meboyad bo sokhtori dokhilii uzvhoi rastani az naz- dik shinos shavem. Pomidori surkhtobi nimkhom, tarbuz, limu yo sebi muloimro pora (yo dukafon) kuned. Magzi in mevaho az katakchaho (kovokihoi) ni- …

Tamomi organizmhoi zinda, az on jumla rastaniho, az hujayrahoi andozaashon khele khurd, ki bo chashmi oddi dida nameshavand, iboratand. Hujayra va sokhti hujayragii organizmhoro didan faqat bo tufayli takmilu sayqal yoftani sanati shishasozi imkonpazir gardid. Baroi ba sokhti hujayrai rastani shinos shudan preparati pardai tunuku nafisi magzi piyozro tayyor kuned. …

Tamomi uzvhoi rastani az hujayraho iboratand. Pas, rastani sokhti hujayravi dorad va har kadom hujayra juzi nihoyat khurdi tarkibii rastani meboshad. Onho vazifahoi gunoguni fiziologiro ijro menamoyand. Az in ru, hujayraho jihati vazifahoi ijro mekardagiashon va az rui shaklu sokhtashon, andozaashon, metavonand az yakdigar farq kunand Az jihati sokhtu shakl …

Ba hujayra dokhilshavii moddaho: Agar bargchai rastanii obi – chilbandi obi (elodeya)-ro, ki beshtar dar akvariumho (zarfi shishagii makhsus sokhtashuda) parvarish mekunand, dar zeri mikroskop az nazar guzaronem, harakati sitoplazmaro dar hujayrahoi bargi on mushohida karda metavonem. Ba mudom amalkunandagii in harakat nigoh nakarda, mushohidai on dushvor ast. Zero, sitoplazmai har …

Rastaniho bo rangu tarovati khosa va shakli poya, barg, gulu meva, davomnokii hayot va digar khususiyathoyashon az hamdigar farq dorand. Ammo rastanihoi guldor az yaqdigar har qadar farq doshta boshand ham, har kadomi onhoro ba yake az se guruh: giyoh, butta va darakht dokhil kardan mumkin ast. Darakht rastanii kalon …

Rastaniho az jihati davomnokii hayotashon khele gunogun meshavand. Agar bulut, archa va baze rastanihoi darakhti besh az hazor sol umr binand, gandumi bahori, javdor, suli va digar rastanihoi galladonagi hamagi yak sol umr mebinand. Baze giyohho ham, masalan, qoqu, shirbaroyak, sapali shutur, gazna, pudina va gayra solhoi bisyor umr mebinand. …

Dar faslhoi tobistonu tiramoh mevahoi gunogunrangi pukhtarasidai rastanihoi dastparvaru khudruy diqqati kasro jalb mekunand. Sebhoi surkhu jilodor, nok, oluyu oluboluhoi sershira, shingilhoi purbori angur shokhi darakhtu buttahoro bo serbori kham mekunaid. Mevai biser rastanihoi sabzavoti: pomidor, bodiring, qalamfur, boimjon khushrangu botarovat meboshand. Novobasta ba gunogunii shakl, rang, maza, buy va …

Dar aksari holatho meva va tukhmi rastaniho ba joyhoi khele dur pahn meshavand. Sabab on ast, ki meva va tukhmi yak guruhi muayyani rastaniho baroi bo shamol pahn shudan mutobiqat paydo kardaand. Guruhi digari onho boshad, mahz tavassuti odam, hayvonot va ob pahn megardad. Mevai pukhtai baze rastaniho, masalan, aqoqiyoi …