Kuh chist? Hama guna barjastagii sathi Zaminro kuh nameguyand. CHunin barjastagiho na faqat dar sathi khushki, inchunin dar kari ukyonus ham vomekhurand. Barchastagiero, ki balandii nisbii on az 200 metr ziyod nest va az mahali atrof kam farq mekunad, teppa meguyand. Teplaho alohida-alohida va qator-kator meshavand. Barjastagii khushkie, ki balandiash …

Paydoish va shakli vulqonqo. Jinshoi kuhie, ki qishri Zaminro tarkib dodaand, dar tarkibi khud moddahoi radioaktivi dorand. Onho dar zeri Zamin hangomi ba qismhoi tarkibi judo shudan (tajziya shudan) harorati ziyod khorij mekunand. Dar zeri tasiri harorati baland dar qishri Zamin jinshoi sakht metafsand, vale tahti fishori qabathoi boloii kari …

Ba tarzi gunogun khobidani jinshoi kukhi. Sathi qishri Zamin az hamvorikho, teppaho, kuhho, vodihoi daryoho, furukhamidagaho iborat ast. Inho shaklhoi gunoguni relef meboshand. Qabathoi jinshoi kuhi boshand, ba shakli onho muvofiq khobidaand. Onro az rui rasm fahmidan mumkin ast. Dar hamvori ba tavri ufuqi (khobishi hamvory), dar teppaho barjasta, dar …

Ruy dodani zilzila ba hodisai joyivazkunii moddai qismi boloii mantiya va tarqishu zud joy ivaz kardani qabathoi qishri Zamin vobasta meboshad. Zilzilahoi halokatovar va kharobiovar asosan dar khathoi shikastai qishri Zamin rukh medihand. Zilzilaho khosi mintaqahoi kuhhoi javon meboshand. Az hamin sabab zilzilahoi sakht dar nohiyahoi kuhsor ba vujud meoyand. …

Mineralho va chinshoi kuhi. Dar qishri Zamin yakchand hazor mineral va jinshoi kuhi pahn gardidaand. Paydoishi onho ba yakdigar vobasta meboshad. Dar zeri tasiri hodisahoi beruni (garmi, khunuki, borishot, obhoi ravon, bod) va tagyirothoe, ki dar dokhili qishri Zamin (harorat va fishoru tazyiq) ba amal meoyand, mineralho az yak shakl …