ZAHRHOI KISHOVARZi

ZAHRHOI KISHOVARZi, moddahoi khimiyavie, ki baroi nest kardani hasharoti zararrason, kana, khoyandaho, kirm, narmbadanho va tuqumshullukho, hamchunin dar muboriza bo kasalihoi zanburugii rastani, mahvi alafhoi begona, rezondani bargi rastaniho, gulu gurrai ziyodati, khushkonidani rastaniho istifoda meshavand. Aksariyati Z. k. baroi odamon va hayvonot zarar doshta, vayron kardani meyoru qoidahoi istifodai onho khavfnok ast.
Z. k. ba organizmi odam metavonand az rohhoi nafas, pust va medayu ruda dokhil shavand. Korgarone, ki dar sekhi istehsoli Z. k. kor mekunand, inchunin ashkhose, ki bevosita bo kashondan, nigoh doshtan, furush va istifodai onho mashguland, inchunin pakhtakoron va bogdoron ba tasiri Z. k. duchor meshavand. Navrasoni to 18-sola, zanoni homila va sinamakon ba korhoi marbut ba Z. k. roh doda nameshavand. Hangomi kor bo Z. k. muddati ruzi kori vobasta ba darajai zahroludii onho 4 – 6 soatro tashkil medihad.
Dar joi kor bo Z. k. nigoh doshtani khurokvori, ob, khoshok, ashyoi ruzgor man ast. Z. k. – ro dar sahro be posbon guzoshtan mumkin nest. Baroi muvaqqati nigoh doshtani onho (dar vaqti kor) dar masofai na kamtar az 200 m az havzahoi ob va charogoh qitahoi makhsus judo mekunand. Dar bogu jangalzor pestisidhoro dar on surat istifoda mebarand, ki agar bayni onho va manbahoi ob na kamtar az 300 m masofa boshad.
Dar ruzhoi garm korro bo Z. k. pagohiruzi, vaqte ki harorati havo past va zamin hanuz garm nashudaast, anjom medihand. Agar surati shamol dar yak soniya besh az 4 m boshad, ba rastaniho poshidani doru, ba khok andokhtani doruhoi gurusha, dar havoi kushod doru zadan ba tukhmi mumkin nest.
Dar asnoi kor diqqat boyad dod, ki doruro jarayoni havo ba tarafi korgaron nabarad. Agar korgaron az doruposhaki dasti istifoda barand, onho boyad az hamdigar dar masofai na kamtar az 5 – 6 m joygir shavand, ba samti shamol az joyhoi doru naposhida harakat kunand.
Dar qitahoe, ki Z. k. – ro istifoda burdaand, tanho badi guzashtani muhlati baroi har yak zahr muqarrarshuda kor kardan mumkin ast.
Tabkhir (duddihi)-i binoro baroi nest kardani hasharot, kana va g. tanho bo ijozati tashkilothoi nazorati sanitari meguzaronand. Aholii ba chunin binoho nazdikro az muhlat va joi tabkhir ogoh mekunand. Tabkhiri binohoe, ki az khonaho dar masofai na kamtar az 200 m va az korkhonaho, rohi ohan, rohi avtomobil na kamtar az 100 m voqe boshand, man ast. Onro brigadahoi makhsus, ki kamash 3 naf. azo dorand, meguzaronand. Ijroi in kor az tarafi yak nafar, inchunin dar bino nigoh doshtani khurok, ob, tamoku va g. qatiyan man ast. Binoro pas az tabkhir faqat bo ijozati khattii rohbari hamon korho istifoda burdan mumkin ast.
Ba nigoh doshtani Z. k. dar anbori khojagiho faqat badi binoro taftish kardani namoyandai tashkilothoi nazorati sanitarii davlati va tartib dodani pasporti anbor ijozat doda meshavad. Z. k. – ro bevosita ba rui farsh mondan yo zarfi onro baroi nigoh doshtani khurokvori istifoda burdan qatiyan mumkin nest. Anborhoro dar 2 hafta yak marotiba rubuchin boyad kard. Bo in maqsad anborhoro bo tajhizoti zaruri tamin menamoyand. Avval tavassuti changkashak az devor, farsh va rafho changro toza karda, sipas onro meshuyand.
Istifodai farovoni Z. k. mavodi gizoiro oluda mekunad. Dar in hol onho bevosita bo gizo ba organizmi odam vorid meshavand. Hodisahoi zahroludii shadid az Z. k. dar jarayoni istehsolot, inchunin hangomi kor ba onho dar sahro borho ruy dodaand. Agar tukhmi zahrolud tasodufan ba joi gallai muqarrari ord karda shavad, noni on zahrolud ast. Bemori va zahroludii muzminero, ki dar natijai bo boqimondai Z. k. oluda shudani khurokvori ruy medihand, aniq muayyan nakardaand.
Z. k. dar qismhoi gizobobi nabotot gun meshavand. Hangomi ba pusti chorvo bo maqsadi muboriza bo parazitho poshidani doruhoi zahrdor yo pas az istemoli emu khoshoke, ki bo zahrho oluda shudaand, onho dar shir, gusht va ravgani hayvonot, gushtu tukhmi parranda boqi memonand. Binobar in hangomi istifodai Z. k. dar chorvodori, kishti ziroat va emu khoshok boyad muhlati muqarrarshuda va meyori sarfi onho qati rioya karda shavad.
Tamomi odamon, ki ba Z. k. sarukor dorand, bo vositahoi muhofizati shakhsi tamin karda meshavand. Vositahoi muhofizati shakhsiro dar jevonchahoi alohida dar liboskhonai idora yo binoi makhsusi khushku toza nigoh medorand. Dar binoe, ki Z. k. nigoh doshta meshavand, guzoshtani onho man ast; ba khona burdan va badi kor pushidani onho niz joiz nest.
Dar asnoi barkashidan, pur kardani doruposhakho va poshidani doru az respiratorho istifoda mekunand. Har ruz badi kor qismi rezinii respirator va protivogazhoro, ki ba rui odam merasad, bo obi garmu sobun shusta, bo spirt yo mahluli 0,5%-i permanganati kaliy bezarar megardonand, sipas az nav bo obi toza shusta, dar 30 – 350 mekhushkonand.
Baroi muhofizati dast az konsentratho, emulsiyaho va khamirayu mahlulho az dastpushakhoi makhsus istifoda mebarand. Dar asnoi kor bo doruhoi khoka poyafzori brezenti, hangomi kor bo doruhoi moe muzai rezini va dar anbori doruhoi zahrnok poyfzori makhsus mepushand. Ba chashm aynaki muhofiz memonand. Badi anjomi kor dastpushaki reziniro az dast nakashida, avval bo mahluli bezarargardon (mahluli 3 – 5 foizai sodai partshuda, mahluli ohak), sipas bo ob meshuyand, bad aynak, respirator, muza va korjomaro kashida, dastpushakro digarbora dar mahluli bezarargardon va ob meshuyand va soni mebarorand.
Z. k. – ro bo naqliyoti makhsus mekashonand. Hurokvori va molhoi digarro yakjoya bo onho kashondan qatiyan man ast.
Naqliyot, inchunin asbobhoi baroi istifodai Z. k. tainshudaro har moh kamash 2 marotiba bo mahluli ohaki khlordor (ba 4 l ob 1 kg ohaki khlordor) dar joyhoi makhsus judokarda bezarar megardonand. Obhoi bo zahr oluda va boqimondai doruhoro ba havzhoe, ki az on chorvo ob menushad va murghoi obiyu mohi parvarish meyoband, partoftan man ast.
YOrii avvalin hangomi zahroludi. Dar joe, ki odamon bo Z. k. kor mekunand, boyad doruqutti mavjud boshad. Tadbirhoi umumii yorii avvalin, novobasta ba khususiyati moddae, ki boisi zahroludi gashtaast, ba qati tamosi organizm bo zahrho ravona shudaand. Agar zahr az rohi nafas vorid shuda boshad, osebdidaro ba havoi toza mebarorand; agar az pust roh yofta boshad, doruro bo ob va sobun meshuyand yo bo porchai mato toza karda, sipas bo obi khunuk yo mahluli ishqori sust meshuyand. Agar zahr ba chashm rasad, onro bo mahluli 2 – foizai gidrokarbonati natriy yo kislotai borat shustan lozim ast. Agar zahr ba medayu ruda vorid shuda boshad, ba osebdida chand istakon ob yo mahluli susti permanganati kaliy (rangash gulobi) menushonand, devorai aqibi halqro ba angezish ovarda, qay mekunonand (in tadbirro 2 – 3 marotiba takror boyad kard). Hangomi behush budani bemor qay kunondan joiz nest. Badi qay 2 – 3 qoshuq (20 – 25 g) angishti faol bo nim istakon ob, sipas namaki isholovar (ba nim istakon ob 20 g sulfati magniy yo sulfati natriy) menushonand. Ravgani kanadonaro chun vositai isholovar istifoda burdan man ast.
Dar asnoi zafi nafas ba binii osebdida bo ehtiyot pakhtai ba mahluli ammiak (spirti navshodir) tarkardaro nazdik mebarand; dar surati qat gardidani nafas favran nafasi suni medihand. Pesh az in osebdidaro ba havoi toza barovarda, tugmahoi libosro mekushoyand, javfi dahonro az luob toza mekunand. Dar surati furu bardani moddahoi angezishovar, mas., formalin, taomi chaspak (luobi ohar yo kisel) mekhuronand; dar in mavrid istemoli shir, ravgan, mashruboti spirti man ast.
Agar odam az payvasthoi organikii fosfor zahrolud shuda boshad (raftani obi dahon, tang shudani gavharaki chashm, rekhtani ashk, dushvorii nafaskashi, paridani mushakho), ba u to omadani dukhtur 3 – 4 qursi besalol medihand. Dar hama holathoi zahroludi har chi zudtar kormandi tibro davat kardan zarur ast.