KODGUZORII MATNHO VA TASVIRHO

Kodguzorii matnho. Kodguzorii matnho bo yorii programmahoi makhsusi tablitsahoi kodi anjom doda meshavand. Muvofiqi in tablitsaho ba har yak simvoli alifbohoi lotini va rusi yak adadi 8-bitai duyi muvofiq guzoshta meshavad, ki onro kod yo raqami simvol meguyand.

Hangomi pakhshi yagon tugmai klaviatura programmai makhsus ba protsessor raqami on tugmaro ravon mekunad. Protsessor ba tablitsai kodi murojiat namuda, muayyan menamoyad, ki raqami hosilshuda ba kodi kadom simvol muvofiq ast. Bad kodi simvol bo yorii programma ba videokarta ravon karda meshavad. Videokarta boshad, tasviri nuqtavii simvolro hosil namuda, onro dar ekrani monitor nishon medihad.

Hamin tariq, muvofiqati bayni tugmahoi klaviatura va tasviri ekranii onho, tanho va tanho ba tavri programmavi amali gardonida meshavad. Programmae, ki in

muvofiqatguzoriro tamin menamoyad drayveri klaviatura va ekran nom dorad. Drayver – in programmai yorirasoni miyonaravi bayni tajhizot va digar programmaho meboshad.

Masalan, muvofiqi standarti kodguzorii ANSI (Ameqican National Standaqts Institute – Instituti standarthoi millii Amerika) baroi sistemai operatsionii Windows, kodi harfi kaloni rusii «F» ba adadi 212 muvofiqat mekunad. Hangomi dar klaviatura pakhsh namudani tugmai «F», drayveri klaviatura raqami on, yane adadi 212-ro ba protsessor ravon mekunad. Protsessor muvofiqi tablitsai kodi muayyan mesozad, ki on kodi harfi «F» ast va onro dar shakli adadi duii 11010100 ba videokarta mefiristad. Videokarta bo yorii drayveri monitor shakli zohirii harfi «F»-ro sokhta, onro ba monitor mefiristad va monitor dar navbati khud tasviri harfro ba ekran mebarorad.

Kodguzorii tasvirho. YAke az usulhoi az hama malumi kodguzorii tasvirho az on iborat ast, ki tasvirro bo yorii yagon jadvali turii andozai yacheykahoyash khele khurd mepushonand. Agar rasm dar tasviri siyohu safed boshad, on goh yacheykahoi rangi safeddoshta bo yorii 0 va yacheykahoi rangi siyohdoshta bo yorii 1 ishorat karda meshavand. Baroi tasvirhoi ranga boshad, kodguzori bo yorii nuqtahoi rangashon gunogun tamin karda meshavad.

Dar in mavrid har yak nuqtai tasvir dar khotirai kompyuter na bo yorii yak bit, balki yakchand bitho ifoda karda meshavad. Tasvirhoe, ki bo in usulho kodguzori karda shudaand,

kartahoi biti, rastrho yo tasvirhoi rastri nom dorand. Programmai makhsuse, ki in usuli kodguzorii tasvirhoro medonad, in tasvirhoro ba ekran mebarorad yo dar kogaz chop menamoyad. Tasvirhoi rastri yak kambudii khele jiddi dorand. Onhoro kalon yo khurd kardan bisyor ham dushvor ast.

Hangomi intikhobi masshtabi khurd, yakchand nuqtahoi hamsoyai tasvir hamjoya shuda, detalhoi khurdi tasvir az nazar nonamoyon memonand. Dar vaqti intikhobi masshtabi kalon boshad, andozai har yak nuqta yakchand marotiba meafzoyad va tasvir namudi zinashaklro megirad.

Baroi az in kambudiho ozod shudan, holo ba joi kodguzorii namudi rasti, az kodguzorii namudi vektori istifoda mebarand. Muvofiqi kodguzorii vektori on elementhoi rasm, ki shakli figurahoi geometri va khathoi kaju rostro dorand, dar khotirai kompyuter dar namudi formulahoi matematiki va abstraktsiyahoi geometri – davra, kvadrat, ellips va gayraho nigoh doshta meshavand. Masalan, davrai radiusash 10 vohid va koordinatahoi markazash kh=1 va u=1, rostkunjai tarafhoyash 5 va 8 vohidi va koordinatahoi markazash kh=4 va u=12 az qabili chunin misolhoyand.

Hamin tavr, andoza, kaji va joi ishgolnamudai elementhoi rasm dar khotira dar namudi koeffitsienthoi adadi nigoh doshta meshavand. Bo sharofati in usul kalonu khurdkunii andozai tasviri rasmho va nuskhahoi onho khele oson gashtaand. Kifoya ast, ki dar in mavrid qimati parametrhoi elementhoi grafiki ba koeffitsienti masshtabi zarb karda shavad. Az tarzi kodguzorii vektori istifoda burda, hatto fikr ham kardan lozim nameoyad, ki mo nishonai miniaturii rasm yo transparanti dumetrai onro sokhtaniem. Dar har du holat ham ba tavri etimodbakhsh bovari doshta metavon, ki tasvirhoi tabdildodashuda hamai sifathoi tasviri asosiro dorand.

YAke az namunahoi kodguzorii vektori formati PostScqipt ba shumor meravad. In format dar sistemai operatsionii Windows hangomi kodguzorii hurufhoi masshtabi ba tavri vase istifoda burda meshavad.

 Savolho:

1. Matnho chi guna kodguzori karda meshavand? Tasvirho chi?
2. Kodguzorii rastri chist? Kodguzorii vektori chi?

 Suporish:

1. Matni mavzuro bodiqqat khoned va onro naql kuned.
2. Doir ba kodguzorii matnho va tasvirho fikratonro dar daftar bayon namoed.