Biologiya

BIOLOGIYA (Biologia; az bio… va …logiya), majmui ilmhoest oid ba tabiati zinda. B. hamai namudhoi organizmhoi zanda – az virusho to odam, sokhtu funksiyahoi onho, inkishof, paydoish, aloqai bayni onho va muhitro meomuzad. Sistemai ilmhoi biologi murakkab buda, bo gunogunii hayoti rui zamin, usulho va maqsadi tadqiqi onho muayyan karda …

Fishori khun. Fishori khun dar devorhoi ragho bo quvvai kashishkhurihoi medachai dil paydo meshavad. Fishor dar raghoi gunogun yak khel nest. Fishori khun dar shohrag az hama baland buda, 115-130 mm sutunchai simobro tashkil medihad. Az sababi ba shokhaho judo shudani raghoi sharyon fishor past shuda, dar raghoi sharyoni borik 70-80 …

Sokht va vazifahoi eritrositho. Vazifai asosii eritrositho az uzvi nafaskashi ba tamomi hujayraho va boftahoi organizm kashonidani oksigen meboshad. Inchunin eritrositho dar dur kardani gazi duoksidi karbonat az boftaho niz ishtirok mekunand. Dar tarkibi eritrositho gemoglobin mavjud ast va surkhii khun ba on vobasta meboshad. Baroi hamin eritrosithoro hujayrahoi surkhi …

Uzvi gardishi khun. Ahamiyati gardishi khun. Sistemai uzvi gardishi khuni odam dil va raghoi khungardro dar bar megirad. Dil hamchun uzvi markazi, chun nasos kor karda, kashish mekhurad va khunro ba vositai raghoi khungard ba tamomi sathi badan mebarad. Dil harakati doimii khunro tamin mekunad. Dar holati az kor mondani …

Hosiyati avtomatikii dil. Dil dar holati nisbatan orom dar yak shabonaruz takhminan 100000 marotiba kashish mekhurad. Dar ayni hol vay qarib 10 tonna khunro chun nasos ba harakat medarorad. Kashishkhurii dilro mushakhoi dil ba jo meorand. On ba mushaki kundalangrakhi skeleti monand ast. Mushakhoi dil az nakhhoi makhsus iborat buda, …

Ahamiyat va vazifahoi khun. Hun hamchun moei dokhilii organizm dar sistemai makhsusi khud harakat karda, vazifahoi zerinro ijro mekunad: naqliyoti, nafaskashi, kimiyovi, humorali, va gayraho. Tarkibi khun. Dar organizmi odami kalonsol qarib 5 litr khun mavjud ast. Hun hamchun boftai payvastkunanda az du qism iborat meboshad. Hangomi khunro ba probirka …

Sokht va vazifahoi leykositho. Leykositho hujayrahoi berangi khun buda, dar magzi surkh, illiki zardi ustukhon dar girehhoi limfatiki va ispurch hosil meshavand. Az jihati tarkibashon 2 namudi leykositro farq kardan mumkin ast: leykosithoi donador va bedona. Hamai leykositho yadro (hasta) dorand. Miqdori leykositho dar 1 mm3 khun 6-8 hazorro tashkil mekunad. …

Sistemai endokrini. Mafhum dar borai gadudhoi tarashshuhi (sekretsiyai) beruni, dokhili va omekhta. Gadud gufta boftahoero menomand, ki qobiliyati az khud judo namudani in yo on moddaro dorand. Az jikhati ikhroji mahsuli khud gadudho se khel meshavand:  Gadudhoi tarashshuhi beruni (ekzokrini), ki mahsuli khudro ba kovokii badan va ba muhiti atrof …

Az rui nakhi khud boftai mushak 3 khel meshavad: boftai kundalangrakhi mushaki skeleti; boftai kundalangrakhi mushaki dil; boftai mushaki sufta. Ba har yak namudi in boftaho hujayrahoi shaklan tagyiryoftai khosiyati nakhi mushakro doshta mansub ast. Mushakhoi skelet az boftahoi mushakii kundalangrakh arkib yoftaand. Torhoi mushakii on ba namudi dasta jam shudaand. …

Vazifai sistemai takyagoh va harakat. Skeletu mushakho takyagohi badani inson va azoi harakat meboshand. Onho ba ham payvast shuda, kovokihoi makhsusro hosil mekunand (rasmi 4). Dar in kovokiho uzvho joygir va himoya karda meshavand. Masalan, dil va shushro ustukhonhoi qafasi sina va mushakhoi sinayu takhtapusht, uzvhoi kholigii shikam (meda, ruda, …