GIZO

GIZO, majmui moddahoi gayriorganiki va organikie, ki organizm az khorij qabul mekunad. Huroki odam boyad miqdori zaruri va tanosubi durusti ba organizmi inson darkorii moddahoro doshta, khushtam va khushnamud boshad. Baroi in mahorati balandi pazandagi lozim ast. Tabbokh boyad usulhoi tekhniki va tarzi tayyor namudani G., khosiyat va kambudii mahsuloti khuroki, intikhobi durusti khurokvoriro donad.
Qoidahoi tekhniki va uslubi tahiyai gizo az tayyor kardani mahsulot va pukhtani on iborat meboshand. Ba tayyor kardani mahsulot dokhil meshavand: shustan, toza kardani mahsulot, girifta partofani juzhoi baroi khurdan nobob, az yakh furovardan, reza kardan, ba shakli muvofiq darovardani on. Tarzi pukhtani khurok ba du qism judo meshavad: asosi va yorirason. Dar ob pukhtani mahsulot, biryon kardan va mushtarak istifoda namudani hardui in usulho (dam doda pukhtan yo badi obpaz biryon kardan) usulhoi asosi mahsub meshavand. Kame taf dodan va dar obi jushu bug doshtan usulhoi yorirason meboshand.
Mahsulotro dar miqdori gunoguni ob, dar shirai khudash, bazan bo ilovai kame ob yo dar bug pukhtan mumkin ast. SHurbo va gushtobro dar obi ziyodtar, mahsuloti nisbatan muloim (mohi, gushti murg, sabzavot)-ro dar obi kam mepazand. Dar bug beshtar mohi, gushti qima va baze sabzavotro pukhtan mumkin. Dar in mavrid zarur ast, ki mahsulot ba ob narasad, baroi in beshtar degi manturo istifoda mebarand. Gushtu sabzavotro, odatan, dam doda mepazand. Pesh az dam dodan, mahsulotro kame taf doda, bad andak ob va adviyot meandozand. G.-ro dar miqdori gunoguni ravgan niz pukhtan mumkin ast. Dar ravgani kam avval yak tarafi mahsulotro to surkh shudanash biryon karda, sipas tarafi digarashro mepazand (mas., panirkulcha, tahmol va g.). Dar ravgani bisyor chagaldak, sambusa, kartoshka va g.-ro biryon mekunand.
Intikhobi tarzi tahiyai gizo dar otash ba khosiyathoi on vobasta ast. Mas., parrandahoi obi (goz, murgobi) sayd, zagoramohi, bodinjon, ki dar ob pukhta meshavand, nazar ba biryonashon khushlazzat meboshand. Hangomi ba pukhtan tayyor kardani gusht, tarkibu qobiliyati zud muloim shudani onro ba nazar megirand. Baze navhoi gusht va karam tarzhoi gunoguni omoda sokhtanro taqozo menamoyand. Mas., hamai navhoi karamro pesh az biryon kardan dar ob mejushonand, dar aksi hol on tez obashro gum karda, khushku bemazza meshavad.
Hangomi tahiyai G. hattalimkon nigoh doshtani vitaminhoi mahsulot khele muhim ast. Mas., baroi mahfuz mondani vitamini S hangomi toza kardani mevayu sabzavot pusti onro hattalimkon tunuk boyad girift. Sabzavotro bevosita pesh az istemol yo pukhtan, toza yo reza mekunand; kartoshkai tozaro ba ob meguzorand, to in ki siyoh nashavad. Sabzavotro faqat bo kordi zangnogir toza boyad kard; onro ba obi jushidaistoda andokhta, dar otashi past boyad pukht (ba on ahamiyat dodan lozim, ki pukhta ob nashavad). Hangomi pukhtan ob boyad boloi sabzavotro pushonad; sarpushi degro zich mahkam kardan lozim ast. Dar vaqti pukhtani baze G.-hoi ravon (shurbo, karamshurbo va g.) avval gushtobro tayyor karda, bad sabzavotro meandozand. Vale hamaashro yakbora ne, balki muddati pukhtani har yak namudi sabzavotro ba nazar giriftan lozim ast (mas., lablaburo pesh az kartoshka ba deg meandozand). Dar yod boyad dosht, ki soda vitaminhoi S va V1-ro vayron mekunad. Binobar in mavridi pukhtani sabzavot va mahsuloti lubiyoi sodaro istifoda namebarand. Karotin zeri tasiri kislotaho vayron meshavad, az in sabab sirkoro ba salat va vinegret faqat pesh az ba dastarkhon guzoshtani G. meandozand.
Intikhobi mahsulot. Usuli dar otash tayyor kardan, hamchunin majmui mahsuloti ilovagi, adviyot va khurishho boyad ba khosiyati mahsuloti asosi muvofiqat kunand. Beparvoyona ivaz kardani yak adviyotu khurish ba digarash yo tamoman naandokhtani onho ba tami G. khalal vorid mesozad. Agar hamai mahsulot, adviyot va khurishhoi zaruri mavjud naboshand, digar navhoi mahsulotro intikhob kardan va tanosubi muqarrariro purra rioya namudan behtar ast.
Sarfai mehnat va vaqt. Tahiyai G., khususan G.-i nisfiruzi, yake az korhoi sermehnati khona ast. Binobar in az masolehi nimtayyori gunogun istifoda burdan behtar meboshad. Az onho dar 10 – 15 daq. taom pukhtan mumkin ast. Ba furush taomhoi konservonida, mas., karamshurbo, lablabushurbo, taomhoi sabzavoti, yarmagi va makaroni barovarda meshavand. Onhoro faqat garm kuned, kifoya ast. Baroi az konsentrathoi gizoi tayyor kardani taomi ravon, shavla, lagmon, moqut va g. chand daqiqa vaqt sarf meshavad. Boyad guft, ki in hama asosan hangomi sayohathoi turisti istifoda shuda, joyi masolehi taru tozaro girifta nametavonad.
Agar khohed, ki hangomi tahiyai G. vaqtu mehnat kam sarf shavad, hamon khel masolehro istifoda bared, ki baroi peshaki dar obi jush va otash tayyor kardani onho mehnati bisyor sarf nagardad.
G.-ro, mas., az masolehi shiri zud pukhtan mumkin ast. SHirshulai sabzavoti, yarmagi, makaroni va shavlahoi shiri badi 20 – 25 daq. tayyor meshavand. Dar chand daqiqa tukhmbiryon, quymoq pukhtan mumkin ast. Inchunin dar ob pukhtanu biryon kardan, dam dodani kartoshka, karam, sabzi, kadu, bodinjon, lubiyo ham 20 – 30 daq. davom mekunad. Az yarmayu masolehi makaroni (ugro, vermishel, makaron) metavon taomi saridasti tayyor kard. Mas., ba istiloh, nahorihoi khushk – pataroqi juvorimakka, gandum, «gandumi fakhkhak», «birinji fakhkhak», «juvorimakkai fakhkhak»-ro nopukhta khurdan mumkin ast. Az hasib ham dar 5 – 10 daq. taomi duyum mepazand. Baroi az lahmi tayyori mohi pukhtani taom vaqti kam sarf meshavad. Kotlethoi gushti, shurbohoi qimadori gushtiro tez tayyor kardan mumkin ast. CHunin G.-hoi az gushti kuftaro bisyor jushondanu biryon kardan lozim nest.
Baroi zud va oson shudani pukhtupaz joyi korro dar matbakh nagz tashkil kardan va asbobu anjomi onro durust istifoda burdan khele muhim ast.
Korro ba tartibi muayyan ijro boyad kard. Mas., baroi tayyor kardani khuroki nisfiruzi, ki az shurbo va kotleti gushti bo kartoshkabiryon iborat ast, metavon az chunin tartibi kor istifoda burd.
1) Gushtro shusta, rui takhta meguzorandu lahmashro baroi kotlet judo mekunand va onro ba zarf girifta, dar joyi salqin memonand; gushti boqimondai ustukhondorro ba deg andokhta, obi khunuk merezand va rui otash meguzorand.
2) Kartoshkaro bo pustash meshuyand, sipas onro ba deg andokhta, az boloyash ob merezand va rui otash meguzorand.
3) Kafki shurboro girifta, obi kartoshkaro merezandu pustashro megirand.
4) Sabzavoti toza shustaro reza karda (bekhmevayu piyozi reza kardaro kame biryon mekunand) ba shurbo meandozand. Noni safedro ba shir yo ob tar mekunand.
5) Gushtu noni safed va piyozro az gushtqimakunak guzaronda, qima tayyor mekunand va kotlet mesozand; onro ba talqoni non julonda rui takhta mechinand.
6) Kartoshkai pukhtagiro pora karda, du tobai ravgandorro garm mekunand, ba yake kotletho ba digare kartoshkaro meguzorand.
Baroi du ruz tayyor kardani loaqal yake az taomho ba sohibkhonazan khele sabuki meovarad.
Gushtobi be sabzavot tayyor kardashudai polidaro dar yakhdon 2 – 3 ruz nigoh doshtan mumkin ast (faqat onro har ruz jushondan darkor). Vay baroi tayyor kardani shurbohoi gunogun, mas., sabzavoti, yarmagi, makaroni va g. asos meshavad. Gushti objush niz dar joi salqin nagz meistad va onro dar davomi yak chand ruz istifoda burdan mumkin ast, onro dar gushtob garm karda, bo garniri sabzavoti kashidan, ba porchaho burida ba talqoni non julonda biryon kardan, az boloyash sous rekhta taf dodan, ba salatu vinegretho ilova namudan mumkin ast.
Vale na hamai G.-ho baroi du ruz tayyor karda meshavand. Hamai G.-hoi yakumu duyumi sabzavoti hangomi dubora garm kardan va nigoh doshtan, qismi ziyodi vitaminro gum mekunand; tami gushtporahoi biryon (bifshteksu kabob) va kotlethoi gushti badi kame nigoh doshtan ham, kohish meyobad.
Taomhoi makaroni, shavla, gushtobho (az gusht va gushti murg), jushobi zanburughoi khushk, G. az mohihoi obpaz va biryon modahoi gizoi va tami khudro der nigoh medorand. YAkhni, pashtet, kotlet, pirojnihoi kremdor az hama tez vayron meshavand.
SHaroiti sanitariyu behdoshtii tahiyai gizo. Hangomi pukhtani khurok ba qoidahoi sanitariyu gigieni sakht rioya boyad kard. Pesh az khurok pukhtan va dar rafti tayyor kardani on har lahza dastro shustan zarur ast. Libosi kori boyad toza boshad. Sarro bo rumoli sabuk bastan lozim. Ba tozagii zarfhoi matbakh va taomkhuri diqqati jiddi boyad dod; bisyor vaqt nafaqat masolehi badsifat, balki iflos budani matbakh va asbobu anjomi khurokpazi, hamchunin beparvoi va beehtiyotii kadbonuho hangomi tahiyai G. niz sababi sar zadani bemorihoi siroyati va zahroludi az khurok megardand.
Masolehro khele bodiqqat tayyor kardan darkor ast. Gushti khomro dar yakhdon yo yagon joi salqini digar nigoh boyad dosht. Agar vay khushsifat va taru toza boshad ham, ba on siroyat kardani mikrobho az ehtimol dur nest. Binobar in onro dar nazdiki yo yakjoya bo dig. masoleh nigoh namedorand.. Kordu takhtacharo bo obi garm shustan lozim. Baroi pora kardani gusht kordu takhtachai alohida doshtan behtar ast. Ba gushtqimakunak pesh az istifoda obi jush merezand. Mikrobho khususan dar gusht va mohii qima zud afzoish meyoband, binobar in qimaro pesh az pukhtan tayyor mekunand. Hamai G.-hoi az qimai gusht tahiya meshudaro nagz biryon yo obpaz kardan lozim ast. Vaqti garm kardani taomi gushtin, onro hatman mejushonand yo az nav biryon mekunand.
Mohii khomro bo obi ravon shustan lozim ast. Mevayu sabzavotro niz dar obi ravon chand bor meshuyand. G.-i nav pukhtaro bo taomi pesh pukhtagi omekhta namekunand.
SHirro kushoda mondan mumkin nest (rui onro bo kogazi toza yo doka pushondan lozim ast). G.-hoi garmro avval bo doka yo lattai toza pushonda, bad bo sarpush mahkam boyad kard.
Ezohot. 1. Sebi miyona 100 g vazn dorad, kartoshka – 100 g, bekhpiyoz 50 g. 2. Bankai yaklitra az 500 to 800 g gujummeva mebarad: qulfinay – 500 – 600, tamashk – 500, qot – 600 – 700, olubolu 800.

J. A. Azonov.