GIGIENA

GIGIENA (Hygiena; yun. hygieinos – solim), behdosht, yak sohai ilmi tib, ki tasiri muhiti zist va faoliyati mehnatiro ba salomatii inson omukhta, talaboti sharoiti behtarini mehnatu zindagii aholiro peshnihod menamoyad.
G. ilmi murakkab va sersoha ast. Taraqqiyoti G. misli ilmhoi digar tarikhi duru daroz dorad. Dar borai G. dar majmuai qonunhoi Hinduston, Misr va Horazm malumot doda shudaast. Tavsifu targibi behdosht dar tibbi qadimi khalqi, khususan dar tibbi mardumi SHarq, maqomi khosa dosht. Ali ibni Rabbon, Abubakr Muhammad Zakariyoi Rozi, Ali ibni Abbos, Majusii Ahvozi, Abualii Sino, YUsuf ibni Muhammad, Muhammad Husayn, Sulton Alii Hurosoni va dig. dar risolahoi tibbii khud dar borai qoidahoi umumii hifzi tandurusti, peshgirii bemori, tasiri khurok ba organizm, vobastagii salomati ba mijozu gizo, tasiri tabiat, iqlim, manzilgoh va g. malumot dodaand.
G. sohahoi gunogun dorad, mas., G.-i umumi, G.-i kommunali, G.-i tagziya, G.-i mehnat, G.-i kudakonu navrason, G.-i harbi, G.-i radiatsioni, G.-i kayhoni va g.
Gigienai kommunali tasiri omilhoi muhitro ba salomati va sharoiti sanitarii zisti aholi meomuzad. Meyori behdosht va tadbirhoi sanitarie, ki az omuzishi omilhoi muhit barmeoyand, baroi tamini sharoiti khubi zindagii aholi zarurand. G.-i kommunali omilhoi nomusoidi khimiyavi, fizikiyu biologii muhiti zistro omukhta, qoidahoi sanitari, tartibot va meyorhoi behdoshti havoi atmosfera, ob, hifzi sanitarii obanborho, khok, joyhoi aholinishin, khonahoi istiqomati va jamiyatiro muayyan menamoyad. Rioyai qoidahoi sanitari, tavsiyai behdoshti va meyorhoi onro Umuri sanitariyu epidemiologi tavassuti Stansiyahoi sanitariyu epidemiologi nazorat mekunad. Faqat badi ijozati organhoi nazorati sanitari ba sokhtmon, tamir va istifodai inshooti kommunali sar kardan mumkin ast. Muhandison, binokoron, memoron niz ba halli masalai G.-i kommunali jalb karda meshavand.
Gigienai tagziya masalai tagziyai murattab va khushsifati odami solimro meomuzad (nig. Tagziya). Masoili gizoi bemoron va tagziyai muolijaviro dietologiya tadqiq menamoyad (nig. Parhez). Maqsadi G.-i tagziya asosnok kardani rejai muvofiqi khurdu khuroki aholi va peshgirii bemorihoest, ki onho hangomi dar khurok narasidani moddahoi gizoi yo dar natijai tavassuti khurok ba organizm roh yoftani mavjudoti bemoriovar, toksinho va g. paydo meshavand.
Zimni tadqiqi tagziyai odami solim sinnu sol, kasb, tahmili jismoni va asabiyu ruhi dar ayyomi mehnat, sharoiti zindagi, inchunin khususiyathoi milli va iqlimiyu jugrofiro ba hisob megirand. G.-i tagziya meyori khurdu khurok, tadbirhoi peshgirii avitaminoz va gipovitaminoz (nig. Vitaminkohish)-ro daryoft menamoyad. Muqarrar sokhtani sarfi energiyai organizm va ehtiyojoti on ba safeda, ravgan, angishtob, vitamin va namakhoi minerali vazifahoi muhimi G.-i tagziya mahsub meshavand. Afzudani shumorai kuhansolon dar nazdi G.-i tagziya masalai az jihati ilmi asosnok kardani rejai tagziyai onhoro ba miyon guzosht. G.-i tagziya sifati kori muassisahoi khuroki jamiyati, sanoati khurokvori va muassisahoi savdoro nazorat karda, az moddahoi zararnok oluda shudani khurokvoriro peshgiri mekunad, baroi roh nadodan ba zahroludi va intoksikatsiya tadbirho meandeshad. G.-i tagziya ahamiyati biologi, tarkibi khimiyavi va kaloriyai khurokvori, inchunin mahsuloti khurokii navro tahqiq mekunad. Zeri nazorati sanitari giriftani loihakashi, sokhtmon va ba kor andokhtani muassisahoi sanoati khurokvori, savdo va khuroki jamiyati vazifai shubahoi G.-i tagziyai bungohhoi sanitariyu epidemiologi meboshad.
Gigienai mehnat (gigienai kasbi) tasiri jarayoni mehnat va muhiti istehsolotro ba organizmi korgaron meomuzad. Maqsadi on muayyan kardani meyorhoi sanitari, behdoshti, muolijavi, andeshidani tadbirho bahri faroham sokhtani sharoiti khubi mehnat va istirohati odam ast.
Dar sharoiti istehsoloti sanoati ba odam aksaran harorati baland yo pasti havo, garmi, changu gubor, moddahoi zararnoki khimiyavi, galogula, vibratsiya, mavjhoi elektromagniti va dig., omilhoe, ki boisi ikhtiloli salomati va past shudani qobiliyati mehnati megardand, tasir merasonand. Baroi peshgiri va bartaraf namudani tasiroti noguvor jarayoni istehsolot, tajhizot va masolehi korkardi sanoati hamatarafa omukhta meshavand. Gayr az in, sharoiti sanitarii mehnat (omilhoi meteorologi, changu gubori havo, galogula, vibratsiya, ultrasado va g.), jarayoni kor, tagyiri funksiyahoi fiziologi (dar vaqti kor) tadqiq megardand. Vazi salomatii korkunon (bemorihoi umumi va kasbi), inchunin samari behdoshtii dastgohu mekhanizmho (havokash rushnoideh), tajhizoti maishiyu sanitari va vasoiti muhofizati shakhsi niz mufassal taftish karda meshavand.
Ba roh mondani konveyer, mekhanikoni va avtomatonii istehsolot korgaronro az mehnati vaznin ozod kunad ham, faoliyati murattabi asabiya va bosiraro talab menamoyad. Hangomi ijroi korhoi murakkab rejai mehnat va istirohat boyad mahsuli mehnatro baland bardorad, ba faoliyati fiziologii organizm tasiri nomatlub narasonad.
Baroi halli masoili G.-i mehnat mutakhassisoni sohahoi gunogun, konstruktoroni moshinu dastgohho, tekhnologu binokoron jalb karda meshavand.
Gigienai kudakon va navrason ba omuzishi masoili muhofizat va mustahkam kardani salomatii kudakonu navrason mashgul buda, baroi tashkili ravandi talimu tarbiya va mehnat dar maktabho, omuzishgohhoi kasbhoi tekhniki va muassisahoi bachagona tavsiyahoi behdoshti peshnihod mekunad.
Tadqiqoti olimon dar sohai G.-i kudakon va navrason behdoshti talim, tarbiya va mehnat, tasiri omilhoi muhitro ba organizmi kudakon faro megirand.
Dukhturoni shubahoi darmongohho va maktab holati jismoni va inkishofi maktabbachagon, durust tashkil namudani tarbiyai jismoni, sarborii tahsil, rejai sanitarii maktab va muassisahoi bachagonro nazorat mekunand (nig. Sinni tomaktabi, Sinni navrasi, Sinni maktabi).
Dar Tojikiston avvalin pajuhishhoi gigieni s. 1932 ba roh monda shudand. Dar shubai G.-i In-ti epidemiologiya va gigiena (holo In-ti peshgirii bemoriho) dar robita bo barnomai tadqiqi vazi behdosht va sanitariya oid ba masoili tamini ob, tavsifi sanitarii nohiyaho, muhofizati havoi atmosfera, tasiri moddahoi khimiyavii sohai kishovarzi ba salomatii odamon, G.-i gizo va g. tadqiqoti jolib anjom paziruftand. Ustodoni DDTT ba nomi Abuali ibni Sino niz dar halli bisyor masoili G. sahmi nazarras dorand. Dar donishgoh s. 1941 kafedrai gigiena va ekologiya tashkil karda shud. Solhoi avval kormandoni kafedra oid ba tamini mahalhoi aholinishini jumhuri bo obi oshomidani tadqiqot guzarondand. Minbad onho ba omuzishi G.-i mehnat, bemorihoi kasbi, istifodai zahrhoi hasharotkush dar sharoiti kuhiston, sharoiti mehnati korgaroni Nerugohi obii barqi Norak, Korkhonai elektrokhimiyavii YOvon, korkhonahoi nassojii sh-hoi Dushanbe va Hujand, Zavodi alyuminiyi Tojikiston va g. mashgul shuda, tavsiyahoi jolib peshnihod namudand.

A.B. Boboev.