Jugrofia

Pandoishi piryakh. SHumo medoned, ki yak qismi borishot ba sathi Zamin ba namudi barf va jola merezad. Dar qutbho, nohiyahoi nazdiqutby, kuhhoi baland, ki havo dar tobiston ham khunuk ast. barf va jola purra ob nameshavand. Dar natija sol az sol miqdori ziyodi barf jam meshavad. Bad barf ohista- ohista …

Atmosfera chist? Atmosfera (lafzi yunoni buda, “atmos” – bug. gaz va “sfera”- kura ast) tabaqai havoest, ki Zaminro ihota khardaast. On tabaqai bolotarin va zichiash kamtarini Zamin leboshad. Az zamonhoi khele qadim tabiati fizikii on diqqati odimonro ba khud jalb mekard. Dar in joda olimoni SHark, az jumla Qutbuddini SHerozy …

Kulho. CHuqurii tabiiero, ki dar on miqdori ziyodi ob jam shudaast, kul menomand. Kulho dar khushki joygir shudaand. Onho bevosita bo bahru uqyonusho aloqa nadorand. Binobar in nabotot va hayvonoti kulho (gayr az kulhoi boqimondai bahr) az nabotot va hayvoioti uqyonusho farq dorand. Masohati kulho ham az yakdigar nihoyat fark …

Ob ba daryoho bo rohhoi gunogun dokhil meshavad. Manbai asosii on obi-boron, barf, piryakh va obhoi zerizamini meboshad. Obhoi bo nishebii sathi khushki jorishavanda va bo qabati Zamin harakatkunanda yakbora daryohoi kalonro hosil namekunand. Az onho avval chashmakho, juychaho, bad daryochaho va dar okhir daryohoi kalon hosil meshavand. Dar hosilshavii …

Obhoi khushki. Tamomi namudi obhoi khushki (zerizamini va ruizyamini) az borishot paydo meshavand Borishote, ki ba sathi khushki merezad, qisman bukhor shuda, qisman ba Zamin mezahad. Bokimondai on daryoho, kulho, botloqho, piryakhho, bahru uqyonushoro ba vujud meorad. Majmui onho (obhoi zerizamini va ruizamini)-ro obhoi khushki menomand. Obhoi zernzamini. Paydoishi obhoi …

Rud bo du zarb (nav) ast, yake tabiat va digar sanoi. A,mmo rudi sanoi nest, ki rudkadahoi u bikandaand az bahri obodonii shahrero yo kisht va barzi nohiyatero. … rudi tabii on ast, ki obhoe buvad buzurg, ki az gudozi barf va chatmahoe, ki az kuh va rui Zamin bikshoyad …

 Jarayoni obi ukyonusho. Dar uqyonus va bahrho harakat kardani obro odamon hatto dar zamonkhoi qadim mushohida karda budand. Harakat khosi na tanho obi sath, inchunin khosi obi qabathoi qari uqyonus va bahrkho niz meboshad. Sababhoi harakati ob gunogun ast. Sababi az hama asosii on bod. tafovuti harorat, shurii obi uqyonus …

Mavjho. Obi Uqyonusi Olam muntazam dar kharakat meboshad. Sababi on gunogun ast. YAke az sababhon malum va asosii harakati obi uqyonus bodhoi sakhti sathi bahru uqyonus meboshand. Hangomi harakati bod dar bayni bod va obi sathi bahr soish ba amal msoyad. Dar natijai soish dar sathi obi bahr va uqyonus …

SHurii obi uqyonus. SHuri yake az khususiyathoi muhimi obi uqyonus va bahrho meboshad. On dar hama jo yak khal nest. Dar obi daryoho ba hisobi miyona takriban 0,2% namak mavjud ast. Ammo dar obi uqyonusho va bahrho miqdori on nihoyat ziyod meboshad. Darajai shurii obi Uqyonusi Olam ba hisobi miyona …

Gidrosfera chist? Dar sathi Zamin ob moddaest, ki dar sathi Zamin vase pahn gardidaast. Vay dar se holat duchor meshavad: sakht, moe va bukhor. Az hamin sabab ob na faqat dar uqyopusho, bahrho, inchunin dar khushki (daryoho, kulho, obanborho, botloqkho, piryakhho, obhoi zerizamini) va qabati poyonii atmosfera (hamchun bugi noayon) …