Biologiya

Mubodilai neru dar organizm. Baroi ravandhoi gunoguni faoliyati hayotii organizm (ba vujud omadani moddaho, kori mushakho, nigohdorii harorati badan) dar yak shabonaruz qarib 10500 kJ (2500 kkal) energiya (neru) zarur ast. Manbai on neruest, ki dar bandhoi kimiyovii molekulahoi moddahoi uzvi (safeda, charb, karbogidrat) mavjud ast va az khurok girifta …

Mubodilai ob va namakhoi minerali. Ob qarib az se du hissai vazni badanro tashkil medihad. Dar sitoplazma az yadroi hujayra nazar ba moddahoi digar ob bisyortar ast. Tagyiroti sershumori kimiyovii moddahoi hujayra tanho dar mahluli ob ba vujud meoyad. Ob dar tarkibi khun, limfa va shirahoi hozima khele bisyor ast. …

Tavsifi umumi va ahamiyati mubodilai moddaho. Dar bayni organizmu muhiti muntazam mubodilai moddaho va neru ba amal meoyad. Az lahzai ba organizm dokhil shudani ob va moddahoi gizoi mubodilai moddahoyu muhiti beruni sar meshavad, yak qismi moddaho dar noyi hozima to haddi odditarin tajziya shuda, ba muhiti dokhili organizm – …

Bemorihoi medayu ruda. Istemoli ozuqai kuhna boisi zahroludshavii organizm shuda metavonad. Hangomi zahroludshavi medaro hatman az khurok toza kardan lozim ast. Baroi in ba zarardida yakchand istakon obi shirgarm khuronda, baroi qaykuni bekhi zabon yo devori aqibi halqashro bo qoshuq yo panjai dast angezonidan lozim ast. Yakjoya bo khurok bo …

Hozima dar rudai borik. Khuroki shavlamonand qism – qism az meda ba joi digari kanali hozima – ruda meguzarad. Dar rudai borik tajziyai minbadai nisbatan oddii moddahoi gizoi davom karda, ba khun va limfa jabbida meshavad. Darozii rudai borik 3-3,5 m ast. Qismi avvali on rudai duvozdahangushta meboshad. Darozii miyonai …

Ozuqavori va moddahoi gizoi. Khurok baroi inkishof, tashakkul va faoliyati hayotii organizm sharti zaruri meboshad. Ozuqavori (non, gusht, shir, tukhm, mohi, ravgan, sabzavot, mevajot) az moddahoi asosii gizoi: safedaho, charbho, angishtobho, namakhoi minerali, ob va vitaminho iborat ast. Mahsuloti az nabotot va hayvonot hosilshuda hamdigarro purra karda, hujayrahoi organizmro bo …

Kovokii dahon. Dar kovokii dahon khurok chashida, mayda khoida va bo obi dahon tar meshavad. Dar mayda kardani khurok dandonho va zabon ishtirok mekunand. Odamoni kalonsol 32 dandon dorand. Sokhti onho vobasta ba vazifaashon gunogun ast. Dar joghoi boloyu poyon az pesh chortoi dandonhoi pahni pesh joygirand. Badi onho az …

Reflekshoi nafasgiri. Vobasta ba holati organizm (khob, kori jismoni, tagyiryobii harorat va gayra) nafasgirii chuquri odam ba tavri refleksi tagyir meyobad. Kamonaki reflekshoi nafasgiri ba vositai markazi nafasgiri meguzarad. Chunin refleksho, ba monandi atsa va sulfa ba amal meoyand. Gard yo yagon moddai tundbuy ba kovokii bini daromada, retseptorhoi pardai …

Siroyat ba vositai havo. Mikroorganizmho va gardu chang dar pardai luobii rohhoi boloii nafas joy girifta, az on jo yakjoya bo luobho berun mebaroyad. Dar chunin holat aksariyati mikroorganizmho bezarar meshavand. Qismi mikroorganizmhoe, ki ba uzvhoi nafaskashi dokhil meshavand, metavonand har guna bemorihoro ba vujud orand. Gripp, sil, dardi gulu, khunoq …

Tavassuti uzvhoi nafaskashi mubodilai gazho bayni organizm va muhiti atrof ba amal meoyad. Dar natija odam oksigenro furu burda, gazi karbonatro khorij mekunad. Oksigeni dokhilshuda, dar ravandi oksidshavii moddahoi organiki faolona ishtirok mekunad. Hujayraho ba onho ehtiyoji kalon dorand. Dar natijai oksidshavii har kadom moddai organiki gazi karbonat va ob hosil …