Biologiya

Payvastshavii ustukhonho. Dar badani odam ziyoda az 220 ustukhon mavjud ast. Hamai onho bayni khud payvastand. Payvastshavii ustukhonho gunogunand. Bazeashon ba vositai dandonaho beharakat payvast meshavand (ustukhonhoi kosai sar), digar ustukhonho bo yakdigar ba tavri mutaharrik yo nimmutaharrik payvast meshavand. Payvastshavii mutaharriki ustukhonho, masalan, ustukhonhoi ron, zonu, orinjro band menomand. …

Rejai ruz. Tavre ki zikr karda budem, sistemai asab hamai holathoi fiziologiro ba tartib meandozad, aloqai organizmro bo muhit tamin menamoyad. Vayronshavii faoliyati sistemai asab boisi har khel bemoriho megardad. Peshgiri kardani on nihoyat zarur ast. YAke az muhimtarin chorabini ba rejai ruz rioya namudan meboshad. Bo navbat ivaz shudani …

Sistemai asabi vegetativi (khudmukhtori). Dar avvali asri XIX olimi fransavi F.K. Bish vobasta az ijroishi vazifai khud sistemai asabi vegetativiro kashf kard. Asabi vegetativi az qismhoi markazi va kanori iborat ast. Qismi markazi — dar magzi cap va harommagz joygir buda, kanori boshad az asabho va girehhoi asabi iborat ast. …

Ahamiyati sistemai asab. Sistemai asab dar tanzimi vazifai organizm roli muhim mebozad. Vay kori doimii hujayraho, boftaho, uzvho va sistemai onhoro tamin mekunad. Bo mavjudiyati in sistema organizm bo muhiti beruna aloqamand ast. Faoliyati sistemai asab ba hissiyot, talim, khotir, nutq, tafakkur va ravandi ruhi asos yofta, odam bo yorii onho …

Sokhti harommagz. Harommagz yake az kuhantarin tarkibi magzi sar ba hisob rafta, avvalin marotiba dar hayvonho bo paydoishi khorda (sutunmuhra) hosil meshavad. Harommagz dar kovokii sutunmuhra joygir ast. Darozii on 43-45sm buda, pahniash 12- 13mm, vaznash 30-31gr-ro tashkil mekunad. Harommagz az se qabat:  qabati berunii sakht; qabati tori ankabutmonand, ki dar …

Refleks. Kamonaki reflektori. Reaksiyai javobii organizmro ba angezandahoi beruni va dokhili, ki bo ishtiroki hatmii sistemai markazii asab ba amal meoyad, refleks menomand. Rohero, ki ba vositai on impulshoi asabi guzashta, refleksro ba amal meorand, kamonaki reflektori menomand. Kamonaki reflektori az panj qism: retseptor; torhoi markazshitob (afferenti); sistemai markazii asab; torhoi …

Sokhti magzi sar. Magzi sar dar kholigii kosakhonai sar joy girifta, az magzi darozruya, pulak, magzcha, magzi miyona, magzi mobayni va nimkurahoi kalon iborat meboshad. Magzi sar az moddahoi khokistarrang va safed iborat ast.  Moddahoi khokistarrang az hujayrahoi asab – neyronho iborat buda, dar dokhili moddai safed guruhi neyronho dar …

Bofta chist? Bofta in Majmui hujayraho va moddai baynihujayravi, ki az rui paydoish, sokht va ijroi amal ba hamdigar monand buda, vazifai yakkhelaro ijro mekunand, bofta nomida meshavad. Dar organizm chor guruhi boftahoro farq kardan mumkin ast: epiteli, vaslkunanda (payvastkunanda), mushak va asab. Boftai epiteli (az kalimai yunoni epi – dar ruy, …

Inson va tabiat. Muvofiqi guftai padari fiziologiyai rus,olimi buzurg I.M.Sechenov, mavjudiyati organizm be muhiti beruna gayriimkon ast. Baroi on ki dar bayni organizm va muhit muntazam mubodilai moddaho ba amal oyand, organizm boyad az muhit oksigen va moddahoi gizoi girad. Az hisobi onho hujayrahoi nav ba vujud meoyand, ki kori …

Dar organizmi odam hujayraho, boftaho, azo va sistemai onho hamchun yak chizi yagona va butun kor mekunand. Kori onho bo du roh: humorali (moddahoi khimiyavi tavassuti moei muhiti dokhilii organizm –khun, limfa, moei baynihujayra surat megirad) va asabi tanzim karda meshavad. Moddahoi kimiyovi ba hujayraho, boftaho, uzvho va umuman digar …