ZANBuRI ASAL

ZANBuRI ASAL (Apis mellifera), hasharotest pardabol. Dar bisyor kishvarhoi jahon mamul ast. Oilai Z. a., odatan, az modarzanbur (shohzanbur), dahho haz. zanburhoi kori va chand haz. narzanburho iborat meboshad. Badani Z. a. az sarsina va shikam, ki bayni ham mutaharrik payvast shudaand, tarkib yoftaast. Dar hardu tarafi sar 2 chashmi kaloni murakkab va dar farqi sar 3 chashmi soddai khurd dorad. Z. a. yakbora tamomi tarafhoro dida, ranghoi zard, kabud, kabudu sabz, bunafsh va ultrabunafsh (baroi inson noayon), inchunin shakli chizho (khususan gulho)-ro nagz farq mekunad. Dar qismi peshi sari Z. a. yak juft muylabcha (antenna) mavjud ast, ki dar on uzvhoi shomma, lomisa va somea joygir shudaand. Jog va labi poyoni Z. a. khartumcharo tashkil mekunand, ki tavassuti on zanbur shahdi gul va az surokhihoi shon asal megirad. Dar sar va qisman sina gadudhoi obi dahon va «shirbaror» joy giriftaand. Sinai zanbur az chor bandi ba ham payvast iborat ast. Dar bandhoi 2 va 3-yum du juft bol va dar qismi poyoni sina 3 juft poy mavjud ast (jufti oqibi poyho baroi ovardani gardi gul «sabadcha» dorad). Surati parvozi zanburi be bor – to 65 km/s (zanbure, ki shahdi gul dorad, dar yak soat to 15 – 30 km parvoz mekunad). Parvozi Z. a. baroi giriftani shahd, odatan, 1 soat davom karda, dar «sabadcha»-hoyash 12 – 40 mg gardi gul meorad. SHikami modarzanbur va zanburi kori az 6 va narzanbur az 7 band (halqa) iborat ast. Dar halqahoi 3 – 6-i shikami zanburi kori yak jufti gadudi mumbaror vujud dorad. Dar aqibi badani zanburi kori va modarzanbur uzvi muhofiz – nesh mavjud ast (narzanbur nesh nadorad). Nugi nesh dandonchai kaj dorad va binobar in badi odamro gazidan, zanbur neshashro girifta nametavonad (dar asnoi kushishi parvoz kardan nesh yakjoya bo uzvhoi daruni kanda shuda, zanbur badi 2 – 8 soat memirad). Uzvi hozimai Z. a. az dahon, gulu, surkhruda, rudai miyonayu oqib va gadudi asal iborat ast. Gadudi asal shakli khaltacharo doshta, dar on shahd muvaqqatan nigoh doshta meshavad. Avvalin amali ba asal tabdil yoftani shahd, ki bo tasiri fermenthoi gadudi obi dahon ba vujud meoyad, dar hamin khaltacha meguzarad. Az Z. a. asal, mumi asal, propolis, zahri zanbur (nig. Zahr) va shiri shohzanbur megirand. Z. a. rastanihoro gardolud menamoyad. Modarzanbur (daroziash to 25 mm) 2 – 3 sol muttasil tukhm meguzorad; vay gadudi mumbaror nadorad va gardi gul jam namekunad. Zanburhoi kori (daroziashon to 15 mm) naslhoro tarbiya karda, shon mesozand, shahdu gard jam menamoyand, shahdro ba asal, gardro ba perga (gardi guli rastani, ki zanbur dar surokhihoi shonho joy karda, boloyashro bo asal pushondaast) tabdil medihand va kanduro himoya mekunand. Onho tobiston 35 – 40 va bahoru zimiston 6 – 8 moh umr mebinand. Zanburhoi nar dar kanduho avvali tobiston paydo shuda, badi bordor shudani modarzanbur memirand. Zanburhoi nari boqimondaro zanburhoi kori okhiri tiramoh az kandu meronand. Oilai navi zanbur bo rohi afzoish ba vujud meoyad. Z. a. dar havo jufti meshavad. Dar Tojikiston zanburparvari az zanburhoi vahshii kuhi (qarotogi, varzobi, rashti va g.) ibtido giriftaast.
Z. a.-ro az qadimulayyom bo maqsadi giriftani asal, gardi gul, shiri shohzanbur, propolis, mum, zahri oru meparvarand. Beshtari in moddaho (propolis, shiri shohzanbur, asal va zahri oru) az qadim hamchun doru mamuland. Mas., propolis tasiri ziddimikrobi, shiri shohzanbur khosiyati muhimi gizoi, zahri oru tasiri ziddiiltihobi dorand. Ammo doruhoi az propolis va zahri oru tayyorshudaro be tavsiyai dukhtur istifoda burdan joiz nest, chunki onho ba avj giriftani baze bemoriho musoidat mekunand (mas., amrozi jigar, gurda, gadudi zeri meda). Gayr az in zahri oru allergiya ba vujud meorad, ki baroi hayot khavfnok ast. Nig. niz Hayvonoti zahrdor.