ZAHR

ZAHR (Toxinum), sammho, toksinho, moddahoi khimiyavi va mavodi gunoguni tabii, ki hangomi ba organizm roh yoftan, boisi zahroludi va hatto marg meshavand. Vobasta ba paydoish du navi Z.-horo farq mekunand: tabii (Z.-i nabotot, hayvonot, mikrobho, mineralho) va suni yo khimiyavi. Muvofiqi sokhti khimiyavi Z.-ho oddi (kislotai sinil, payvasthoi simob va g.), murakkab (Z.-i mor, kajdum, zanbur va g.), az rui tarzi tasir maishi (sharob, nikotin), gizoi (Z.-i bakteriyaho, zanburugho, mohiho va g.) va sanoati (dar istehsoloti metallhoi vaznin) meshavand. Z.-hoi bakteriyavi beshtar omukhta shudaand. Onho ba ekzotoksinho (mahsuli safedahoe, ki onhoro bakteriyaho ba muhit pahn mekunand) va endotoksinho (juzhoi tarkibii bakteriyahoe, ki asosan karbogidrati yo lipopolisakharidi buda, badi vayron shudani hujayrahoi bakteriya ba muhit roh meyoband) judo meshavand. Ekzotoksinho khosiyati bemoriovarii mikrobhoro muayyan mekunand. Tasiri ekzotoksinho ba organizm badi davrai nihonii bemori zohir meshavad. Endotoksinho zudtar tasir mekunand, vale zahroginii onho nisbat ba ekzotoksinho kamtar ast. Bisyor endotoksinho dar haror. 60 – 80° dar davomi 10 – 20 daq. vayron meshavand. Endotoksinho ba garmi ustuvor buda, ba harorati baland, hatto duru daroz jushondan, tob meovarand. YAkh kunonidan, ob kardan va khushk namudan ba faoliyati Z.-ho tasir namerasonad. Tasiri formalin va garmi ekzotoksinhoro az khosiyati zahrogini mahrum mesozad, vale qobiliyati tahrik dodani masuniyat (immunitet) nigoh doshta meshavad. Dar in asos istehsoli anatoksinhoro ba roh mondaand, ki onho baroi peshgiri va tabobati baze bemorihoi siroyati istifoda meshavand.
Hangomi ba organizm guzarondani ekzotoksinho va anatoksinho podtanho (nig. Immunitet) paydo meshavand. In khosiyat imkon medihad, ki zardobhoi tabobati va profilaktiki istehsol karda, ziddi bemorihoe istifoda barand, ki angezandai onho ekzotoksin judo mekunad. Baze mahsuloti hayvonot va nabotot az jihati khosiyathoi biologi ba Z.-hoi bakteriyavi khele nazdikand, mas., zahri rastaniho (nig. Rastanihoi zahrdor), zahri mor, kajdum, gunda va g. (nig. Hayvonoti zahrdor).Nig. niz maqolahoi judogona oid ba Zahroludi.