Home / Ilm / ZAHROLUDi AZ MAVODI HIMIYAVII KISHOVARZi

ZAHROLUDi AZ MAVODI HIMIYAVII KISHOVARZi

zahroludi-az-mavodi-himiyavii-kishovarziZAHROLUDi AZ MAVODI HIMIYAVII KISHOVARZi. Ba khimikathoi zahrnoke, ki dar ruzgor kor farmuda meshavand, insektisidho (zahrhoi hasharotkush) mansuband. Moddahoe, ki baroi muboriza bo hasharoti zararrason dar khona va bogotu kishtzor istehsol mekunand, khele zahrnok meboshand. Hangomi ba rohi hozima vorid shudani khlorofos, karbofos yo nafas giriftani bugi onho zahroludii shadid ba amal meoyad.
Hangomi ba rohi nafas aftodani zahrho sarcharkhzani, dilbehuzuri, ikhtiloli bosira, tahayyuji ruhi mushohida meshavad, osebdida araqi bisyor mekunad. Dar mavridi sahvan istemol namudani khlorofos yo karbofos qay, ishol, dardi sar va sanduqi sina, raftani obi dahonu bini ba nazar merasad; dar holathoi vaznin behushi, ikhtiloj, ikhtiloli nafas (to haddi tavaqqufi on), behad sust gashtani kori dil, zafi mushakho, past shudani fishori khun padid meoyad.
Dar mavridi paydoishi nishonahoi zahroludi az khlorofos yo karbofos favran dukhturro davat kardan zarur ast. Hangomi zahroludii rohi nafas osebdidro to omadani dukhtur ba havoi toza barovarda, libosi doruoludro mekashand, joyhoi luchi badanro bo ob meshuyand; agar shakhs mavodi khimiyavii zahrnokro istemol karda boshad, ba u 3 – 4 istakon ob, behtarash obi shur (0,5 chumcha namak dar yak istakon ob) nushonida, bekhi zabonro zer mekunand va qay ba vujud meorand. In amaliyotro boyad 4 – 5 marotiba takror kard. Bad yak chumcha doru – namaki ishol medihand. Dodani 5 – 6 qursi besalol yo bekarbon, nushonidani choi garm bo noni qoqi siyoh ayni muddaost. Pas az in, marizro be bolisht, behtarash paru khobonda, ruyashro ba yagon taraf megardonand, to ki qay rohi nafasro nabandad. Agar nafaskashi mushkil shuda boshad, on goh (qablan rohi nafasro az obi dahonu luob toza namuda) ba nafasdihii suni shuru menamoyand. Medai marizi behushro metavonad faqat kormandi tib shuyad.
Baroi muboriza bo khoyandaho zoosidho nom moddahoro istifoda mebarand. Mushu kallamushho anvoi ziyodi khurokvoriro nobud va bisyor bemorihoi siroyatii baroi inson khele khavfnok (toun, tulyaremiya va g.)-ro pahn mekunand. Istifodai chunin zahrhoi qotil, ba monandi strikhnin, arseni safedrang, fosfidi ruh man karda shudaast. Ba ivazi onho az ratindan (difenatsin) va krisid (naftilmochevina) istifoda mebarand. In moddaho baroi odam zahrnok nestand, vale onhoro tamoman bezarar hisobidan niz nashoyad (metavonand boisi ikhtiloli faoliyati medayu rudaho shavand). Pesh az kor farmudan bo dasturi istifodai onho shinos shudan hatmist.
Miqdori ziyodi moddahoi zahrnok dar kishovarzi istifoda meshavand. Baroi bezarar gardondani galladona, asosan mavodi khimiyavii organikii simobdor – granozan, merkuran va g.-ro kor mefarmoyand. Onho ba organizm az rohi nafas (hangomi nafaskashi), tavassuti medayu rudaho (mavridi bo obi dahon furu burdan, istemoli gizohoi bo boqimondai onho oludashuda), bo pust va pardahoi luobi dokhil meshavand (ba shiri modar niz meguzarand). Hangomi bezarar gardondani tukhmi va kishti galladona binobar rioya nakardani chorahoi ehtiyoti niz metavon zahrolud shud. Alomathoi zahroludi az granozan va merkuran pas az chand soat, 2 – 3 ruz va bazan haftaho zohir megardad. Hangomi zahroludii sabuk dardi sar, dilbehuzuri, qay, dardi shikam, beholi mushohida meshavad; obi dahon rafta, dahon tami ohan mekunad. Dar mavridi zahroludii vaznin beholii nogahoni, khastagi, dardi sar, sarcharkhzani, behushi, kalavida roh gashtan, zafi khotira, ikhtiloli khob (ruzona khoboludi, shabona bekhobi) ba vujud meoyand. Asaboniyat, serhayajoni, tarsi nomafhum, firebi nazar (gallyutsinatsiya) va somea mushohida meshavad. Zimni osebi vaznini sistemai asab falaji dastu po imkonpazir ast. Ikhtiloli medayu ruda niz ehtimol dorad. Bazan gingivit va stomatit (milki dandonho khunshor gashta, bazan dar natijai bo obi dahon judo shudani simob zakhm paydo mekunad), dardi atrofi dil padid meoyad.
Ba moddahoi zahrnoke, ki arsen (margi mush) doshta, ba sifati pastisid istifoda meshavand, angidridi arsenat, sabzai pariji va g. mansuband. Arsen ba organizm tavassuti rohi nafas va hozima roh meyobad. Vay beshtar dar ustukhon, gurda, jigar, khususan dar muy, nokhun va pust gird meoyad. Az organizm asosan ba vositai gurdayu rudaho khorij meshavad.
Agar zahr bo rohi hozima dokhil shuda boshad, ba zudi dar dahon tami ohan, dilbehuzuri, qayi paydarpay, dardi sakhti shikam paydo meshavad. Mavodi qay rangi sabz dorad, najosat moe va ba obi birinji pukhta monand megardad; peshob khele kam shuda, holati vabomonand ba amal meoyad; zardparvin, tashannuj, kabudii pust mushohida meshavad, sustii kori dil va behushi faro merasad. Ba organizm roh yoftani zahri bisyor metavonad boisi sar zadani falaji zahroludi gardad (nishonai on sargarangi, behushi, tashannuj, ikhtiloli nogahonii kori dil ast). Pas az chand soati zahroludi binobar qati nafaskashi marg faro merasad. Hangomi zahroludi az chang yo bugi doruho pardahoi luobi angezish meyoband, ki nishonahoi on ashkrezi, atsa va surfai yakjoya bo dardi sakhti sari sina ast; nafas tang va pust kabud shuda, harorati badan avval baland, bad yakbora past mefaroyad, ikhtiloj va oqibat ikhtiloli kori medayu ruda rukh medihad.
Dar bayni mavodi khimiyavii zahrnokie, ki dar tarkibi khud mis dorand, dahani farang va moei bordosi mamul ast. Onhoro baroi muboriza bo hasharoti zararrasoni bogu tokzor kor mefarmoyand. Hangomi ba rohi nafas aftodan, tasiri zahrogini onho bo varaja zohir meshavad. Bad az chand soati tamos tablarzai shadid paydo shuda, harorati badan to 39° (goho balandtar) merasad; minbad araqi ziyod va sustii badan, dardi beqarori mushakhoi dastu po va sar, angezishi rohi nafas, bazan khunravi az bini va bronkhiti shadid mushohida meshavad, dardi meda, dilbehuzuri, qay rukh medihad. Bemori pas az 2 – 3 shaboruz bo shifoi komil meanjomad. Agar payvasthoi mis ba medayu ruda dokhil gardand, dar dahon tami noforami filizot paydo shuda, obi dahon meravad, dilbejoshavi va qay (rangi sabz) mushohida meshavad. Bazan dardi khurujmonandi shikam va isholi khunin ba vujud meoyad. Moddahoi mazkur eritrosithoi tarkibi khunro nobud karda, sababi kamkhuni megardand, faoliyati jigar va gurda khalal meyobad, pust zard meshavad. Payvasthoi mis inchunin pust va pardahoi luobii chashmro ba angezish meovarand.
Baroi muboriza bo kasalihoi zanburugii rastani va nobud kardani kana az sulfuri khoka va kolloidi istifoda mebarand. Sulfur pusti badan va pardahoi luobiro ba angezish ovarda, dar natija dermatit, qubo, konyunktivit, laringit, bronkhit rukh menamoyand. Hangomi duru daroz az changi sulfur nafas giriftan, sar zadani pnevmokoniozho va gastrit az ehtimol dur nest.
Angidridi sulfit, ki hamchun insektisid istifoda meshavad, nafaqat pardai luobii chashm va rohhoi boloi nafasro sakht meangezad, inchunin ba digar uzvho niz tasiri zararovar merasonad. Dar holathoi zahroludii sabuk az angidridi sulfit shoridani ashk, dardi chashm, suzishi gulu, surfa, zukom, giriftani ovoz, surkh shudani safedii chashm, pardai luobii gulu va bini mushohida meshavad. Mavridi zahroludii vaznini alomathoi mazkur bazan bo ikhroji balgami khunolud, khunravii bini, nafastangi, kabud shudani pust, khafakon (binobar tashannuji rohi ovoz yo ikhtiloli gardishi khun dar shush) rukh medihand.
Ba guruhi mavodi khimiyavii zahrnoki alkaloidi, ki ba sifati pestisid istifoda meshavand, anabazin-sulfat va nikotin-sulfat mansuband. In moddaho ba organizm nafaqat bo rohi nafas va hozima, balki tavassuti pust, hatto pusti solim niz zarar merasonand. Onho ba sistemai asabhoi markazi, khususan ba markazi nafaskashi, tasiri nomusoid meorand. Dar surati tasiri ziyodi in moddaho angezishi markazi nafas ba furu nishastan va qat gashtani nafas ivaz meshavad. Mavridi zahroludii shadid az anabazin-sulfat sarcharkhzani, dardi sar, dilbehuzuri, bazan qay, tezii nabz, bemadorii shadidi mushakho, barziyod raftani obi dahon, seraraqi ba amal meoyad. Dar holathoi vaznin hayajoni ruhi, ikhtiloj, behushi va past shudani fishori khun ba mushohida rasida in hama bo favti bemor (az sababi qat gashtani nafaskashi va faoliyati dil) anjom mepazirad. Zahroludii shadid az nikotin-sulfat khele kam vomekhurad. Alomathoi on bo nishonahoi zahroludi az anabazin-sulfat qarib yak khel buda, chandon rushan nestand.
Baroi muboriza bo hasharoti zararrasoni galladona bromidi metil samarabakhsh ast. Az on baroi deratizatsiya (nobud kardani khoyandaho)-i anbor, yakhdonho, elevatorho va g. vase istifoda mebarand. Dorui khele zahrnok meboshad. Hangomi ba rohi nafas aftodan, inchunin mavridi ba pust, khususan ba joyhoi luchi badan rasidan, odamro zahrolud mesozad.
Davrai avvali zahroludii shadid az bromidi metil, odatan, noayon meguzarad. Sipas beholii umumi, sarcharkhzani, dardi sar, dilbehuzuri, bazan qay, kalavidan, larzishi dastu po, ikhtiloli bosira, surkh shudani ruy, tezi yo sustii nabz, past shudani fishori khun sar mezanand. Nishonahoi zahroludi az qati tamos bo bromidi metil metavonand nest shavand. Davrai minbadai bemori pas az 2 – 12 soat yo 1 – 2 shaboruzi zahroludi ogoz yofta, bo paridani mushakho, larzishi zabon va dastu poy, dubini, ikhtiloli harakat, vase shudani mardumaki chashm zohir megardad. Dar holathoi vaznin khuruji tashannuj va behushii sakht ba miyon meoyad. Favtidani bemor az ehtimol dur nest. Aksar vaqt varami zahrogin va iltihobi shush, illati shadidi faoliyati jigaru gurdaho mushohida meshavad.
Pestisidhoi khlororganiki ba sifati moddahoi zahrnok vase istifoda megardand. Ba onho geksakhloran (geksakhlorsiklogeksan; GHSG), geksakhlorbutadien va g. mansuband. Nishonahoi zerin ba zahroludii shadidi darajai sabuk az onho khosand: bemadori, dardi sar, sarcharkhzani, sustii hofiza, nooromii khob, noustuvorii ehsosoti, tundmizoji. Dar in asos mumkin ast dilbehuzuri va qay niz mushohida shavad. Namudhoi vaznintari zahroludi bo osebi sistemai asab jarayon megirad: avval mahdudiyati harakati dastu po, dertar falaj faro merasad. Gayr az in, ikhtiloli kori jigar, gurda, meda (nishonahoi gastrit) imkonpazir ast.
Dar surati paydo shudani nishonahoi Z. favran dukhturro davat namudan zarur ast. Agar zahroludi ba vositai rohi nafas ba vuqu omada boshad, to omadani dukhtur marizro ba havoi toza barovarda, liboshoi bo khimikat oludai uro mekashand, joyhoi luchi badanro bo ob meshuyand. Hangomi ba rohi hozima aftodani zahr, 3 – 4 istakon obi shurtam (0,5 chumcha namak ba yak istakon ob)-ro menushonand, bekhi zabonro zer karda, qay ba amal meorand. In amaliyotro 4 – 5 marotiba takror boyad kard. Sipas yak qoshuq namaki isholovar medihand. Istemoli 5 – 6 qursi besalol yo bekarbon samarai khub meorad; ba zarardida hamchunin noni qoq va choi garm khurondan lozim. Bad bemorro be bolisht, behtarash paru, khobonda sarashro ba rost yo chap megardonand, to ki hangomi qay rohi nafas band nagardad. Agar nafasgiri mushkil boshad, pas nafasdihii suniro kor mefarmoyand.
SHakhsone, ki bo moddahoi zahrogin saru kor dorand, boyad har sol dar borai rioyai qoidahoi behdoshti shakhsi va mehnat, peshgiri namudani zahroludii gizo, havoi atmosfera va obanborho, usulhoi yorii tajili ba zarardidagon dastur girand.
Bekhatarii kor bo moddahoi khimiyavii zahrnok ba durust ijro namudani qoidahoi muqarrarshuda vobasta ast. Moddahoi khimiyaviro faqat dar zarfhoi standarti va havonoguzar nigoh medorand (ba hej vajh be navishtajot va dar shisha nigoh doshtani onho mumkin nest). Pestisidhoro dar kosayu tabaq yo degcha hal kardan man ast. Agar dar dasturamal gufta shuda boshad, ki yak qurs karbofosro dar ¾ istakon ob hal menamoyand, pas in manoi onro dorad, ki bo istakon faqat miqdori obro chen karda, doruro dar digar zarf hal namudan lozim ast.
Binohoi istiqomatiro hangomi nabudani odamon, hayvonoti khonagi, paranda va mohiho bezarar megardonand. Pesh az in, hamaguna zarfho va khurokvoriro az oshkhona mebarorand. Odame, ki doru meposhad, boyad dahonu biniro bo niqobi dokagii chorqabata bandad, ba chashm aynaki makhsus girad. Pas az istifodai insektisidho havoi khonaro mudati daroz toza kardan shart ast. Bo doruhoi guruhi khlorofos khonai khobro shabona bezarar gardondan qatiyan man meboshad. Badi kor boqimondai insektisidro dar joyhoi baroi kudakon dastnoras guzoshtan lozim.
Ashkhose, ki korro ba itmom rasonidaand, boyad bo sobun shustushu karda, libosi tag va ruyro ivaz namoyand. Libosro dar mahluli ishqori yo sodai jomashui tar mekunand, libosero, ki shustan imkon nadorad, shamol medihand. Agar dar khona odamoni giriftori bemorihoi asab, ruhi, dilu ragho va ziqi nafas boshand, istifodai insektisidhoi fosfororganiki man ast.
Rioyai chunin tadbirhoi ehtiyoti hangomi bezarar gardondani darakhtoni bog niz shart ast. Insektisidho metavonand bo meva, gujummeva va sabzavot ba organizm vorid shavand. Binobar in kohu, shalgamcha, turshak va dig. sabzavotro doru zadan mumkin nest; darakhtoni meva va buttamevaro faqat to gul kardanashon doru meposhand. Gujummeva va mevaro qabl az istemol toza meshuyand.
Baroi peshgirii Z. dar khona nigoh doshtani insektisidho man ast; miqdori doruho har qadar ziyod boshad, gilzati bugi onho dar manzilgoh hamon qadar meafzoyad. Hamchunin dar ruzgor istifoda burdani doruhoi shubhanoki ziddi hasharot va khoyandaho tamoman noravost.
Hangomi kor farmudani moddahoi zahrogin baroi ruy nadodani falokat rioyai tadbirhoi zerin zarur meboshand: pushidani dastpushak, poyafzoli soqbaland va libos az gazvori makhsus yo rezini, tez-tez ivaz kardan va shustani libosi makhsus; dar surati dar havo mavjud budani aerozol istifodai respiratorho; rioya namudani qoidahoi gigienai shakhsi; shustani dast, qabuli vanna yo dush badi anjomi kor; roh nadodan ba kashidani tamoku va istemoli gizo dar vaqti kor.
Ad.: Atabaev SH.T., Vliyanie ostatochnikh kolichestv pestisidov na pishevuyu sennost ovoshey i plodov, Tashkent, 1976; Artamonova V.G., Neotlojenaya pomosh pri professionalnikh intoksikasiyakh, L., 1981.

Инчунин кобед

afandi

LATIFAHO

TUYONA OYAD… SHakhse ba dustash uzr ovard:j – Bubakhsh, man ba tuyat rafta nametavonam. Vay …