Amironi Bukhoro (khalqi tojik dar nimai avvali asri XIX)

Soli 1800 amiri Bukhoro SHohmurod vafot kard. Ba joi u pisarash amir Haydar ba takhti amorat nishast. U soli 1826 dar sinni 48-solagi az dunyo guzasht.

Sulolai khonadoni Ashtarkhoni (Joniho) khudro az avlodi paygambari islom hazrati Muhammad pindoshta, takhallusi iftikhorii sayidro doshtand. Honadoni sulolai mangitiya az in avlod nabudand. Binobar in asosguzori in sulola Muhammadrahimkhon dukhtari okhirin sulolai khonadoni ashtarkhoni – Abdulfayzkhonro (1711-1747) ba izdivoji khud darovard. Bo in u maqsad dosht, ki nasli oyandai khonadoni Mangitiya ba unvoni muqaddas va iftikhorii «sayid» musharraf gardad. Vale az in nikoh farzand nashud.

Badi ba sari hokimiyat omadan SHohmurod zani amakash Muhammadrahimkhonro (dukhtari Abdulfayzkhonro) ba aqdi nikokhi khud darovard. Az onho se farzand tavallud yoftand. Kaloniash Haydar nom dosht. Azbaski u az dukhtari sayid tavallud yofta bud, az amir Haydar cap karda, to Olimkhon (1910-1920) amironi Bukhoro pesh az nomi khud nomi iftikhorii «sayid»-ro menavishtagi shudand.

Dar solhoi avvali hukmronii amir Haydar ba lashkari Bukhoro muyassar gardid, ki ba Heva zarbai shadid rasonida, az jonibi in khonigari khavfi hujumi dushmanro ba Bukhoro bartaraf namoyad. Vale bad az chand soli in voqea, ba sababi zaif gardidani amorati Bukhoro, khonhoi Heva az jumla, Muhammadrahimkhoni qungurot, muttasil hujum namuda, to devorhoi Bukhoro rasid.

Bo maqsadi muttahid kardan va mustahkam namudani davlati khud amir Haydar ba sargahi Zarafshon hamla namuda, Panjakent, Falgar va Mastchohro yak muddat ba qalamravi khud dokhil namud. Muborizai amir Haydar bo SHahrisabz, khonii Huqand va Uroteppa khele tuloni va toqatfarso bud. Ba amir lozim omad, ki ba tarafi Hisor ham lashkar kashad.

U siyosati padari khudro dar bobati markaziyat dodani davlat pesh burda natavonist. Vay khudro yake az ulamoi zamon pindoshta, dar madrasai ark, ki bo amri u sokhta budand, ba darsgui mashgul shud. Amir Haydar Quronro az bar karda boshad ham, hej goh zohidi riyozatkash nabud. Dar harami khud dukhtaroni ziyodro jam ovarda bud. Dar zamoni u muqovimati feodaloni mahalli dubora quvvat girift. Dar natijai lashkarkashihoi sershumore, ki ba muqobili feodaloni isyonkor va hamsoyagoni khusumatparvar ba amal ovarda meshud, inchunin pardokhti maoshi besh az hazor amaldor va inomhoi pulii harsolai ayonu ashrof, ehtiyoji moddii davlat niz ziyod megardad. Dar in vaqt harchi amir Amir Haydar chand pisar dosht. Nasrullo – farzandi duyumi u iqdom dosht, ki harchi zudtar ba takhti Bukhoro sohib shavad. U hokimi Qarshi bud va padarash amir Haydarro ba tui khatnai pisarash Muzaffar ba on shahr davat namud. Padarash dar tuy shirkat varzid. Vale dar rohi bozgasht ba Bukhoro bemor shuda, badi 18 ruz vafot kard. Zero pisarash Nasrullo ba khuroki padar zahr andokhta bud. du barobar az dakhli u ziyodtar bud. Andozho ba nomi moliyot va khiroj monandi qushunpuli, tanobpuli, alafpuli, chubpuli, mirobona, kavsan va gayra dubora jori gardida budand. Ba zammi in, goratgarihoe, ki hangomi amaliyoti harbi ba vuqu meomadand, ba sari mardumi mehnatkash musibathoi ziyod ovarda, onhoro boz ham qashshoku benavotar megardondand. Dar ibtidoi solhoi bistum tanazzuli iqtisodi va kharobii sarosari kishvar ruh dod. Afzudani jabru zulm va istibdod boisi cap zadani oshubhoi khalqi gardid. YAke az kalontarini on shurishi khitoyqipchoqho bud, ki az soli 1821 to soli 1825 dar vodii Miyonkol cap zada davom kard.

Pisari kalonii amir – Mir Husayn ba takhti Bukhoro nishast. Qushbegii amir Hakimbi bo Nasrullo zabon yak karda ba Mir Husayn taomhoi zahrolud doda, uro halok kardand. Bad az 76 ruzi hukmroni Mir Husayn niz vafot kard. Vale pesh az vafotash u barodarash Mir Umarro az Karmina davat namuda, ba joi khud amir tain karda bud.

Hukmronii Mir Umar kamtar az du moh davom kard. U beshtar ba ayshu ishrat mashgul shuda, ba korhoi davlati beahamiyati namud. In beparvoi sababi norozigii ayonu ashrof va mardumi Bukhoro gardid. Az in vaziyat istifoda namuda, Nasrullo bo maqsadi ishgoli takhti Bukhoro ba sui in shahr lashkar kashid. Ba u qushbegi Hakimbi kumak merasond. Mir Umar majbur meshavad, ki Bukhororo tark namuda, firor namoyad. Bad az yakunim sol u dar Huqand vafot kard. Jasadashro ovarda dar Bukhoro guronidand.

Nasrullo soli 1826 ba takhti Bukhoro sohib shuda, to soli 1860 hukmroni namud. U favran se barodari digari khud – Zubayrkhon, Hamzakhon va Safdarkhonro bo zanu farzandonash qatl namuda, az davogaroni tahti amiri khudro emin namud. Baroi asrori ba takht sohibshaviashro pinhon doshtan, qushbegi Hakimbi niz qatl shud. Dar davomi yak mohi pas az chulusi khud Nasrullo har ru 50-100 kasro ba qatl merasond. Ba gayr az inho Nasrullo dar ibtidoi 7-8 soli hukmronii khud hamai darboriyoni padarash, nazdikon, sipohiyoni uro az vazifaashon mahrum namuda, qatl kard va molu mulki har kadom ba manfiati khazinai amir musodira shud. U bo gaddori va khunkhorii favquloda az digar amiron farq mekard. Baroi in vayro mardum «amiri qassob» nomida budand. Dar davrai hukmronii ziyoda az sisolai khud amir Nasrullo bo badkirdori, qatlu kushtor, khiyonat, besharafi va khirsu ozi gushnoshunid nom barovard.

Amir Nasrullo bo SHahrisabz, Uroteppa, Huqand va Heva muttasil jang mekard. Kushishhoi u dar bobati ba hayati amorati Bukhoro bargardonidani viloyathoi sohili chapi Omu, ki aknun ba tasarrufi amironi afgon daromada budand, natija nabakhshid.

Amir Nasrullo bo maqsadi hokimi mutlaq gashtan yak qator chorahoi nihoyat berahmona did. Umaro va saroni sipoh, agar andake norozigi izhor kunand va yo mayli judoshavi namoyand, kushta yo khud badarga shuda, molu mulkashon musodira megardid.

Soli 1842 u beki Mastchoh Boturkhojaro ba Bukhoro hamroh burda, qatl namud. Soli 1858 dar yake az shurishhoi khud ba Uroteppa ba amir Nasrullo muyassar meshavad, ki shahrro zabt namuda, hokimi on Rustambekro ba qatl rasonad.

Barobari lashkarkashiho amir Nasrullo dar poytakht baroi bekhatar namudani khud, huquqi qushbegiro mahdud namud.

Soli 1837 amir Nasrullo islohoti harbi guzarond. To in vaqt lashkari Bukhoro az du qismat iborat bud: yake nukarho, ki biduni muhlat khizmat mekardand, digare qarachirikho, ki sershumor budand. Gayr az nuqarho shogirdpeshaho niz budand, onho khizmati qismi tayyorii qushunro ado mekardand. Nuqarho ba du qism – ba merganho va nayzadaston judo meshudand. Merganho bo tufang va yo kamon, nayzadaston bo nayza musallah budand. Qismi makhsusro tup tashkil medod, ki ba on tupchiboshi farmonfarmoi mekard.

Qarachiriqho aksar vaqt besiloh budand. Mardoni be siloh, az rui amri amir, belu kaland ba dast megiriftand.

Asosi qismi munazzami amir asironi rus, forsho va digaron budand. Baroi onho libosi makhsusi nizomi jori karda shud. Hamai sarbozoni in qism musallah budand. Silohi tupchiyon tapponcha va shamsheri rusi bud.

Soli 1860 in mustabidi khunkhor az tarafi zani ba zur giriftaash – dukhtari beki SHahrisabz Kenagaskhonim ba halokat rasonda shud. Az baze rivoyatho malum meshavad, ki nomburda hangomi khob ba gushi amir simob rekhtaast. Amir Nasrullo az dardi jonkoh bedor shuda, pesh az marg farmudaast, ki on zan va hamai farzandoni uro kushta, ba choh partoyand.