VULQONHO Harorati on to + 1500°S merasad, dar sathi zamin 900-1200°S tashkil mequnad va ohista ohista khunuk meshavad. Naqshai tarkibi vulqon khele sodda ast. Asositarin qismathoi vulqon az kura, dahana va tanura iborat meyoband. Qura joest, ki dar on magmai ziyod shakl megi­rad. In magma ba bolo tavassuti dahana harakat …

Dar paragrafi peshina mo qayd kardem, ki litosfera (az kalimai yunonii lithos – sang va sphaira – kurra) qabati sakhti az qishri zamin va mantiyai boloi iboratbuda meboshad. Dar in paragraf boshad, mo ba qishri zamin va sokhti on, hamchun qismi litosfera ahamiyati jiddi medihem. Dar qiyos bo qabathoi amiqi …

Ravandhoi dar litosfera ba amal meomada – Zaminlarza va sababhoi paydoishi onho. Ba mo malum ast, ki litosfera qishri zamin va qabati boloii mantiyaro darbar megirad. Qishri zamin hamesha dar holi harakat ast. In harakathoi bo ravandhoe, ki dar qari zamin ba amal meoyand, aloqamand ast. Harakati qishri zamin – …

Geyzer – chashmai garm, ki zeri fishor doiman favvorahoi obi garm va bugro ba sathi zamin partob mekunad. Geyzerho yake az zuhuroti marhilai okhiri vulqonizm ba shumor rafta, dar mintaqauoi faoliyati muosiri vulqoni pahn gardidaand (rasm. 41, 42). Geyzerho dar navohii muosir yo nachandon peshi vulqonizm vomekhurand. Dar yak otashfishoni …