SHumo medoned, ki naqshai mahal va kharita namunai khurdkardai sathi Zamin meboshand. Onho az yakdigar bo miqyos, tarzi naqshabardori, mazmun va tarkibn khud va digar jihatho farq mekunand. On farqiyathoro ba khotir ored. Naqshai mahal va kharitai geografi manbai donish meboshand. Baroi on donishhoro azbar namudan naqsha va kharitaro khonda …

SHumo medoned, ki komplekshoi tabiy dar natijai robita va tasiri mutaqobilai jinshoi kuhy, havo, ob, nabotot, hayvonot va khok tashakkul yoftaand. Komplekshoi tabiii mahali shumo ham hamin tavr hosil shudaand. Ammo komplekshon tabii to maskun shudani aholi namudi zohirii khudro kam tagyir doda budand. Barobari afzudani miqdori aholi, ziyod shudani …

Tabaqai geografi va tabiatn mahali khud. Dar jarayoni omuzishi geografiyai tabiy shumo fahmided, ki kurai Zamin az qabathoi litosfera va biosferayu gidrosfera iborat meboshad. In qabatho bo konuniyathoi khos inkishof meyoband. Qati nazar az farqiyati bayni onho, dar bayni on qabatho yak aloqamandii umumi mavjud ast, ki on dar mubodilai …

Helhoi mahalhoi aholinnshin. Davrai duru daroz inson az tabiat zich vobasta bud. Odamon guruh-guruh dar qamari kuh va gorho zindagoni mekardand. Barobari inkishofi jamiyat dar hududi muaiyan pahn gardidani odamon, tashkil yoftani istehsolot, sokhtani manzilgohho va imorathoi istehsoly (osiyob, objuvoz, ustokhonahoi chelongari va gayra) va gayriistehsoli (maktab, masjid, mehmonkhonaho va …

Tasviri davlatho dar kharitai siyosii jahon. Holo dar jahon beshtar az 200 davlat mavjud ast. Badi barham khurdani Ittifoqi SHuravy va ba vujud omadani davlathoi mustaqil miqdori onho ziyod gardid. Qarib khamai davlathoi jahon mustaqil meboshand. Hamai onho dar kharitai makhsus tasvir yoftaand, ki onro kharitai siyosii jahon menomand. On …

SHumora va afzoishi aholin rui Zamin. Insoniyat tarikhi duru daroz dorad. Az ruzi ba dunyo omadan to imruz vay davrahoi gunoguni tarikhiro az cap guzarondaast, Muvofiqi fikri olimon ajdodi odamoni kununi 40-50 hazor sol muqaddam dar kurai Zamin pahn gardidaand. Az in khusus boqimondahoi onho, ki az hama gushayu kanori …

Muhiti geografi. Majmui tabii rui Zaminro muhiti geografy menomand. Van qismi ziyodi tabaqai geografiro dar bar megirad. Dar hududi on organizmhoi zinda va jamiyati insoni hayot ba cap mebarand. Az in ru, muhiti geografy baroi insoniyat muhiti zist buda, hayot va faoliyagi khojagidorii vay ba on vobasta meboshad. Inson az …

Qabati geografi va biosfera. Mo aknun medonem, ki kurai Zamin az tabaqai daruni va beruny iborat ast. Tabaqahoi berunii Zaminro litosfera, gidrosfera tashkil menamoyand. Inho tabaqahoi nbtidoi buda, aloqamandi va ba ham tasirrasonii onho baroi inkishof va hayotguzaronii organizmho sharoiti musoid faroham meovarad. Dar natija organizmho na faqat sathi Zamin, …

Aloqai mutaqobilai biosfera bo atmosfera. Biosfera va atmosfera bo hamdigar aloqamand va vobasta meboshand. Dar natijai in aloqamandi dar bayni biosfera (bo ishtiroki garmi va nuri Oftob) va atmosfsra mubodilai muntazami unsurhoi gunogun ba amal meoyad. Dar nnkishof va ravishi in hodisa sahmi organizmhoi zinda – bakteriyaho, nabotot va hayvonot …

Az guftahoi bobi “Iqlim” barmeoyad, ki iqlimi mahalhoi mukhtalifi Zamin asosan ba arzi geografi, mavqei onho  nisbat ba bahru uqyonusho, khususiyathoi anbuhi havo, inchunin ba gunogunii sathi Zamin (hamvory yo kuhsor, yo regzor budan va gayra) vobasta ast. Dar sharoiti marzi Tojikiston balandii mahal az sathi bahr, relef va joygirshavii …