Jismi organizmhoi zinda yak nav sistemai «kushoda» buda, ba on energiya dokhil meshavad. Mafhumi «kushoda» az fizika girifta shudaast. Zeri mafhumi «kushoda» sistemai dar holati faoliyat qarordoshta fahmida meshavad. CHunin sistema to vaqte poydor ast, ki ba on az muhiti beruna beist energiya vorid shavad. Hamin tavr, organizmhoi zinda to …

 Har organizm ba muhiti beruna robitai nogusastani dorad: az on gizo megirad, ba tasiri omilhoi musoidu nomusoidi muhit va digar organizmho duchor meshavad. Dar rafti evolyutsiya dar organizmhoi zinda qobiliyati ba hama guna tasiroti muhiti beruna intikhoban javob gardondan paydo meshavad. In khususiyatro angezish menomand. Hamai tagyirothoe, ki organizmro ihota …

Tagyirpaziri baraksi irsiyat meboshad, vale bo on robitai zich dorad. Zero zarrachahoi irsi genho inkishofi in yo on alomatro muayyan mekunand. Agar tajdidi qolab (matritsa) – molekulai KDN hamesha daqiq surat megirift, pas hini afzoishi organizmho faqat alomathoi peshtara az nasl ba nasl meguzashtand va mutobiqati namudho ba tagyiroti sharoiti …

Qobiliyat ba inkishof khosiyati umumii materiya meboshad. Zeri mafhumi inkishof jarayoni bebozgashti qonunhoi tagyiryobii obekthoi tabiati zinda va gayrizinda fahmida meshavad. Dar natijai inkishof dar obekt sifathoi nav paydo shuda, sokhtori on tagyir meyobad. Inkishofi shakli zindai materiya yo inkishofi fardiro ontogenez va inkishofi tarikhii onro filogenez menomand. Dar davomi …

Qobiliyati organizmhoi zinda, ki dar sharoiti muntazam tagyiryobandai muhit umr ba sar burda, tarkibi khimiyavi va ravandhoi fiziologii kheshro doimi nigoh medorand, gomeostaz nomida meshavad. Dar surati az muhiti berun kam vorid shudani yagon moddai gizoi organizm zakhirahoi dokhilii kheshro istifoda mekunad; agar moddai gizoi bisyor dokhil shavad, onro zakhira …

Tajdid dar natijai afzoishi gayrijinsi va jinsii fardho ba vuqu mepayvandad. Nasli organizmhoi zinda, odatan ba volidonashon monand meboshand. Masalan, az gurba – gurbacha, az sag – sagbacha tavlid meshavad, az doni gandum – gandum va az tukhmi (donai) jav – jav meruyad. Amyobai yakhujayra dar vaqti afzoish ba du …

 Kalimai diskret az lotinii diskretum girifta shuda, manoyash fosila, judo shudan ast. Mustaqiliyat khosiyati umumii materiya meboshad. Az fanhoi khimiya va fizika ba shumo malum ast, ki har yak atom az zarrachahoi nisbatan khurdtar iborat buda, atomho boshand, molekulahoro hosil mekunand. Hayot niz dar zamin dar shakli mustaqil vomekhurad. In …

Dar tarkibi organizmhoi zinda hamon elementhoero didan mumkin ast, ki onho dar tabiati gayrizinda niz vomekhurand. Bo vujudi on, tanosubi elementho dar tabiati zinda va gayrizinda yak khel nest. Elementhoi tarkibi ashyohoi gayrizinda, asosan az oksigen, silitsiy, ohan, magniy, alyuminiy va gayraho iboratand. Taqriban 98 foizi tarkibi organizmhoi zinda boshad, …

Hamai organizmhoi zinda qobiliyati mubodilai moddahoro bo muhiti beruna dorand. Onho moddahoi baroi gizo zarurro girifta, mahsuli faoliyati hayoti kheshro khorij mekunand. Dar tabiati gayrizinda niz mubodilai moddaho vujud dorad. Vale dar gardishi gayribiologii modda onho az yak jo ba joi digar burda meshavand (masalan, hodisai eroziyai khok yo bodkhurdashavi, …

To solhoi nazdik olimon aqida doshtand, ki mavjudoti zinda az gayrizinda bo mubodilai moddaho, harakat, barangezish, inkishof, mutobiqat farq menamoyand. Vale tadqiqothoi minbada nishon dodand, ki chunin khosiyatho dar alohidagi dar tabiati gayrizinda niz vomekhurand, bino bar in onho khosiyathoi makhsusi hayot shuda nametavonand. Muvofiqi malumothoi ilmii hozira tabiati zinda …